Faenza and Parma, and afterwards taught with success for some time in the public schools; but his love of solitude and ascetic habits soon made him quit the world for the seclusion of the Benedictine convent of Avellana at the foot of the Apennines. Of this convent he became abbot in 1041. In 1057 he was raised against his desire to the dignity of cardinal-bishop of Ostia by Stephen IX. The following few years were the most stirring of his long life. He opposed the election of Benedict X., and waged a vigorous war against the proflicacy and corruptions which at that time so eminently disgraced the church. Being sent as legate to Milan, his unsparing denunciation of the simoniacal and other corrupt practices of the clergy put even his life in danger. After executing this mission, he was permitted to lay aside his cardinal's hat, and return to the sanctity and repose of Avellana. He was, however, occasionally summoned from his retreat to perform some of the more difficult and delicate duties of the pontificate. His last journey was to Ravenna, the crimes of whose archbishop had necessitated the interference of the pope. Worn out with cares and austerities, he died at Faenza in 1072. His writings, which are numerous, were published at Paris in 1663.—R. M., A.
DAMIANI DE TUHEGLI, John, a Hungarian divine, was born at Tuhegli in 1740. He studied theology at Rome and Fermo, and was long secretary to Pope Benedict XIII. Under the auspices of Clement XIII. and Prince Emeric d'Esterhazy, he was appointed in 1772 canon of the cathedral of Presburg. Besides several Greek and Latin poems, he published various theological dissertations. His principal works were "Doctrina Veræ Christi Ecclesiæ, ab omnibus præcipuis antiqui, medii et novi ævi hæresibus vindicata," and "Justa Religionis Coactio." This remarkable book is of great importance to Roman catholic divines. Its scarcity is so great, that few of the public libraries of Hungary can boast of a complete copy. In France the "Justa Religionis Coactio" is vainly sought after. Bossuet could never get sight of it, and complains of this in the preface to his Histoire des Variations. "Examen Libri Symbolici Russorum"—a splendid manuscript, neatly written in Latin and Russian on two long narrow rolls of paper, which was taken during the Crimean war by a French trooper from a Russian monk—is a production of Damiani's. It has now found its way to France—Bibliothèque Impériale.—Ch. T.]]
DAMIANUS, a celebrated saint and martyr belonging to the close of the third century, whose name is commonly joined with that of his brother Cosmas. The brothers were born in Arabia, received an excellent education, and chose the medical profession. It appears that they practised in Sicily till the Diocletian persecution broke out, when they were tortured and put to death in 303 b.c. After their decease they were honoured as saints. In the sixth century Justinian built a church to their honour at Constantinople, and another in Pamphylia. In the eleventh century a spiritual order of knights was also instituted bearing the names of the brothers.—S. D.
DAMIANUS of Ephesus, a celebrated rhetorician. For the few particulars of his life which are known we are indebted to Philostratus, his contemporary. He was a pupil of Adrianus and Ælius Aristides, and taught rhetoric in his native place with great applause. After he had ceased to teach, so great was his fame that many persons repaired to Ephesus to have an opportunity of conversing with him. He gave instructions gratis to those unable to pay. He died at the age of seventy, and was buried in one of the suburbs of Ephesus.—S. D.
DAMIENS, Robert François, was born in 1715 in Artois, where his father had a small farm. When young, he enlisted in the army, but on the termination of the war he went to Paris, where he became a servant, but was repeatedly dismissed from his situation on account of bad conduct. He stole a sum of money from one of his masters, and then fled to Belgium. After some time he returned to Paris under a fictitious name. He was naturally of a moody and fierce disposition, bordering on insanity; and the condition of the country, distracted by dissensions respecting the bull Unigenitus, seems to have inflamed his weak and disordered mind. Imagining that, by attacking and wounding the king, he would bring about a change of government, on the 5th of January, 1757, he went to Versailles; and as Louis XV. was stepping out of his carriage, he pushed aside the royal attendants and stabbed the king on the right side with a knife. The wound was very slight, and there seems no reason to doubt the truth of his declaration, that he intended merely to frighten the king, and give him a warning. He made no attempt to escape, and he was immediately arrested and put to the torture. He was afterwards transferred to Paris, tried by the parliament, and condemned as a regicide, to be torn to pieces by four horses. The horrible sentence was executed 28th March, 1757, in the Place de Grève, with accompanying circumstances of the most shocking barbarity.—J. T.
* DAMIRON, Jean Philibert, born at Belleville in 1794; one of the most eminent and instructive of those recent philosophical writers in France who have followed the revival inaugurated by Royer Collard and Victor Cousin. Damiron has filled important educational offices in France, and is member of the Academy. His works are various and now somewhat extensive. The chief of them consists of long and elaborate monographs concerning the lives and characters of the great philosophers of his own age and those immediately preceding. It occupies six volumes octavo. Perhaps his essay on Spinoza is the best proof of his ability. It is a discriminating and exceedingly interesting notice of that immortal thinker. Damiron recently got involved in controversy. He undertook to edit the papers of Jouffroy, a much sterner man than Cousin; and he seems to have felt it justifiable to omit and alter certain formal and deliberate expressions of Jouffroy's. It cannot be denied that the act—indefensible of itself—was not justified by the motive, viz., the desire to conciliate the opposition got up against the system of modern teaching, by the old Sorbonne. Jouffroy ought to have been left to speak for himself, and as he chose to speak.—J. P. N.
DAMJANICS, Johann, a brave Hungarian general, was born in 1804. He entered young into the army, and soon obtained the rank of captain; but his liberal opinions and patriotic aims rendered him obnoxious to the Austrian government, and retarded his advancement. He was in the banat of Temesvar when Jellachich collected an army of Sclaves and attempted to crush the Magyars; but Damjanics, though a Sclave by birth, remained faithful to the Hungarian cause. He was appointed to the command of the third corps under Görgey. He distinguished himself at the storming of Alibunar and Lagendorf; but his most brilliant achievement was the surprise of the Austrians at Szolnok on March 5th, when one of their brigades was almost cut to pieces, and lost all its baggage, ammunition, and cannon. He displayed conspicuous ability and valour at the battles of Hatvan and Nagy-Sarlo, the storming of Waitzen, and the taking of Comorn. After the capture of that fortress, Damjanics was reduced to comparative inactivity, in consequence of a broken ankle by a fall from his carriage. He was appointed governor of Arad in July, 1849, and after Görgey's capitulation at Vilagos, surrendered that stronghold to the Russians. He was executed at Arad on the 6th of October, along with the other captive generals, by orders of the brutal Haynau. Damjanics was one of the ablest of the Hungarian generals, and, indeed, unrivalled as a subordinate leader. He was possessed of a gigantic frame and indomitable courage. He has been termed the Ney of the Hungarian revolution.—J. T.
DAMM, Christian Tobias, a learned German scholar, born at Geithayn in 1699, and died in 1778. He studied at Halle, and early devoted himself to teaching. In 1730 he was appointed co-rector of the Berlin gymnasium, pro-rector in 1742, and rector after the death of Backens. The translation of the New Testament which he published in 1764, being tainted with Socinianism, lost him his situation, though he managed to retain the emoluments. Damm was a voluminous author. His works are principally translations from the Latin and Greek; but he is also favourably known by his Lexicon Homericum et Pindaricum. An excellent edition of this work by Duncan was published at London in 1827.—R. M., A.
DAMMARTIN. See Chabannes.
DAMOCLES, a courtier of Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, who lived about 400 b.c. His memory has been preserved by a well-known anecdote related by Cicero. He had attempted to flatter Dionysius by styling him the happiest of men, and that prince promised to make him a participator of all the felicity he himself enjoyed. He accordingly invited Damocles to a sumptuous banquet, and caused him to be served with the most flattering distinction. In the midst of his enjoyment, a sword suspended from the ceiling approached within a hair's-breadth of his head. This menace of instant death taught him how little happiness can be enjoyed by a tyrant.—J. T.
