Bible. For a series of years he published the Neue und Neueste Theologische Bibliothek, and a number of theological treatises, which were collected under the title of "Opuscula Theologica." As a philologist, he chiefly excelled by his mastery of the Latin idiom and his restoration of true eloquence, which won for him the surname of the German Cicero. Among his numerous editions that of Cicero takes the first rank. His Memorabilia of Socrates, Homer, Tacitus, and Suetonius, passed through several editions; and his "Initia Doctrinæ Solidioris," "Anti-Muratorius," and "Initia Rhetorica," were not less deservedly popular.—K. E.
ERNESTI, John Christian Theophilus, a German classical scholar, nephew and pupil of the preceding, was born at Arnstadt in 1756, and died in 1802. He succeeded his cousin August Wilhelm in the chair of eloquence at Leipzig. Besides technicological lexicons of Greek and Roman rhetoric, he published the Greek text of Æsop, parts of Suidas, Hesychius, and Phavorinus, and the works of Silius Italicus.—J. S., G.
ERNOUF, Jean Augustin, Baron, a French general, born at Alençon in 1753; died in 1827. An officer of volunteers of his native district, he joined the army of the north in 1793 as aid-de-camp on the staff of Barthel, and, in consequence of his aptitude in the matter of defences, speedily obtained promotion. The fortification of the camp of Cassel, and the raising of the sieges of Bergues and Maubeuge carried him to the rank of general, which was conferred upon him before the conclusion of the first year of his service. Along with Joubert he was accused by the committee of public safety of inaction after this latter achievement, but most unfairly, and without prejudice to his reputation. In 1794 he served with great distinction in the army of the Sambre et Meuse; in 1797 was appointed head of the commissariat; in the following year joined the army of the Danube, which he commanded till the arrival of Massena; and, after a short but brilliant term of service in Italy, was despatched to Guadaloupe with the title of captain-general. Ernouf, in this unhealthy island, with signal bravery and skill foiled insurrections of the native population and attacks of the English, till 1810, when he was made prisoner and sent to England. On his release from captivity in 1811 he went to Paris. There failure had been recorded against him as a crime, and he was exiled from the city. After the Restoration Ernouf obtained well merited honours.—J. S., G.
ERNST, Heinrich Wilhelm, a violinist, was born at Brünn in Moravia in 1814. He is said to have been the pupil of Mayseder, but he spoke of Joseph Böhm as the instructor to whom he was chiefly indebted for the principles upon which his great playing is founded. While practising the violin under this eminent master at Vienna, he applied himself assiduously also to the study of composition, in which he was assisted by the lessons of Simon Sechter. Early in his public career, Ernst went to Paris, where he spent some time in intimate association with Stephen Heller; conjointly with whom he wrote the "Pensées Fugitive" for the violin and pianoforte, a series of compositions that links the names of these two friends in the esteem of those who can discover beauty in trifles. His first visit to London was at the close of the season of 1843, too late to make his remarkable talent known beyond a limited circle; but he returned in 1844, when his playing excited the warmest enthusiasm. In 1846, 1849, and 1850, he was again among us—remaining this last time through the winter and the following season. He reappeared in this country in 1854, when his stay was again prolonged until late in the next year, and he was also in England during the two following seasons. The intervals of his several sojourns in this country were spent in Paris, or in different parts of Germany, and his rare powers commanded acknowledgment wherever he appeared. He had for many years suffered extremely from a neuralgic disease, which latterly increased to such an extent as to threaten his life, and to disable him for some time from touching his instrument. His playing was remarkable for evincing a prodigious power of execution, a grandeur of conception of the works of the great masters, and an intensity of passion in expressing the deep and various sentiment by which these are characterized, that cannot be surpassed. The only occasions on which his performance did not reach the transcendent excellence his known ability led us always to expect, have been when the paroxysms of his disease for the time overcame his artistic powers. So acute these sufferings sometimes were as to cause him to swoon in the course of a piece of music, when he was borne senseless from before the public. Almost on a parallel with his pre-eminent talent was his personal kindness to fellow-artists, in whose service this talent was ever willingly exercised, and for whose assistance his hand was ever freely opened. His bravura compositions are most brilliant and effective, and they serve as a record to those who have not heard him play them, of the many original peculiarities of his executive powers. He died on the 8th of October, 1865.—G. A. M.
ERNST, Simon Pierre, born at Aubel, duchy of Limburg, in 1744; died at Afden, near Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1817; studied at Louvain, took orders, failed as a preacher, instructed divinity students, and wrote on subjects of ecclesiastical literature and the mediæval antiquities of the Low Countries.—J. A. D.
ERNULF. See Arnulf.
ERPEN, Thomas van (in Latin Erpenius), born at Gorkum in 1584; died at Leyden in 1624. He studied theology at Leyden, and there applied himself to the Oriental languages. This led to his travelling through France, England, Italy, and Germany. At Paris Casaubon placed at his disposal his books and his Eastern manuscripts. At Venice he learned Persian, Turkish, and Ethiopian. In 1612 he returned to Leyden, was appointed professor of Arabic, and afterwards of Hebrew. He held the office of interpreter of Eastern languages to the states-general, a position which the extensive commerce of Holland rendered of great moment. At Leyden he set up a press for the publication of Oriental works, and published several philological works, in their day of great value. He was about printing the Koran in the original, with a translation, when he was seized by the plague, of which he died.—J. A., D.
ERRARD, Charles, a distinguished French painter and architect, was born at Nantes in 1606, and died at Rome in 1689. He was the son and pupil of Charles Errard, who had filled the office of painter in ordinary to the king. By desire of Marie de Medicis, his father brought him to Rome and intrusted him to the patronage of the French ambassador. On his return home he was again despatched to that metropolis of art, by the intendant of royal buildings, M. Sublet des Noyers, who charged him with the carrying on of several studies in connection with his office. During this artistical trip, Errard was fortunate enough to gain the friendship of Poussin, whose sage and affectionate counsels proved of immense advantage to him. Once more returning to France, his ingenuity was speedily tested, both in the building of palaces, and in several important compositions and pictures. In 1648, Errard, along with eleven other artists, resolved upon founding the French academy of painting and sculpture at Paris; and of this institution he was elected, in course of time, treasurer and rector. From 1653 to 1666 he was successively engaged in decorating the royal palaces of the Louvre, Tuileries, Versailles, St. Germain-en-Laye, and Fontainebleau. In 1666 he was again despatched by Colbert to Rome, there to establish another French academy, which he eventually did, organizing it on the same basis as the one successfully founded in Paris, and becoming its director. In 1673, Errard was for the moment superseded by Coypel; but in 1675 he resumed his office, which he retained until 1683, when he amalgamated the new academy with the older one of St. Luke, and became president of both. He was, at the same time, elected director of that of Paris. At eighty-two years of age he sought a formal release from his onerous duties, but although this was granted, he continued to conduct the school until his death. Errard contributed several publications to the literature of art.—R. M.
ERSCH, Johann Samuel, a distinguished German man of letters, was born at Glogau, June 23, 1766, and died at Halle, January 16, 1828. Originally intended for the church, he soon forsook this career for the more congenial pursuits of literary history and geography. In 1786 he settled at Jena, where he edited the Allgemeine Politische Zeitung für alle Stände, and published his "Repertorium der Allgemeinen deutschen Journale," and his "Allgemeines Repertorium der Literatur," 1793, 8 vols. From 1795 to 1800 he lived at Hamburg, as editor of the Neue Hamburger Zeitung, and a fertile contributor to the periodicals of the day. At the same time he brought out "La France Litéraire," 3 vols. In 1800 he was appointed librarian to the university of Jena, and some years later professor and principal librarian at Halle. Here he completed his excellent "Handbuch der deutschen Literatur," 4 vols., and, conjointly with Professor Gruber, started the renowned "Encyclopædie der
