retired to his seat at Nun-Appleton in Yorkshire, where he lived for the most part in privacy until the death of Cromwell, praying for the restoration of the royal family. When the Rump parliament was dismissed by the army after the abdication of Richard Cromwell, Fairfax once more took the field for the purpose of supporting Monk against Lambert and the soldiers; and his name and reputation at once induced the Irish brigade of twelve hundred horse to abandon Lambert and join him. On the 29th of March, 1660, he was elected one of the knights of the shire for the county of York in the parliament which agreed to restore the monarchy, and was at the head of the committee appointed to wait on Charles II. at the Hague. The remaining eleven years of his life he spent in retirement. His death took place, November 12, 1671, in the sixtieth year of his age. Fairfax was a brave soldier, and an honourable upright man, who did what he considered his duty, regardless of self-interest; but his understanding was mean, and his temper irresolute. He was of a stern and gloomy disposition, was an indifferent speaker, and spoke but little either in the parliament or in the council. He was, however, a lover of learning and of learned men. He settled forty pounds a year on Roger Dodsworth the antiquary, versified the Psalms, Canticles, and other portions of the holy scriptures, and contributed to the polyglot edition of the Bible, and other large works.—J. T.
FAIRFAX, Thomas, sixth lord, born in 1691; inherited, besides the Denton estates and peerage of his father, considerable property by his mother, the daughter of Lord Culpepper. It included a large tract in Virginia, between the Potomac and Rappahannock rivers, extending to more than five million acres. He studied at Oxford, and held a commission in a cavalry regiment, mingling in fashionable society, and claiming kindred with the literati of that day by a few contributions to the Spectator; but a disappointment in love, and a visit which he paid to his American possessions, induced him to settle in the New World, where he erected a mansion at Belvoir, and spent the remainder of his days in baronial state, distinguished by his extensive charities and munificent hospitality. Lawrence Washington, eldest brother of the hero of American independence, having married a daughter of the Hon. William Fairfax, the baron's cousin, and settled at Mount Vernon, in the immediate neighbourhood, George Washington became an intimate friend of the family, imbibed a portion of the old peer's love of the chase, and surveyed for him that part of his extensive possessions which reached beyond the Blue Ridge through the valley of the Shenandoah to the Alleghany mountains. Into this beautiful district Lord Fairfax ere long removed, and fixed his residence at Greenway court. He was afterwards appointed lieutenant of Frederick county, and raised a troop of horse for the defence of the district in 1755, when the rival claims of the French threatened it with invasion. He died in 1782, having previously resigned his English estates to his brother Robert, who succeeded him in the peerage, and died at Leeds Castle, Kent, in 1791.—W. B.
FAITHORNE, William, painter, and a good engraver for his time, was born in London about 1616, and was apprenticed to Sir Robert Peake, painter and printseller, with whom he worked for three or four years, and with whom he entered into the service of Charles I. at the breaking out of the civil war. He was taken prisoner at Basing House, and was restored to his profession; but he had to retire to France. About 1650 Faithorne returned to England, and opened a printshop outside Temple Bar, which he kept until about 1680, when he retired, and devoted himself chiefly to portraits in crayons. The misfortunes of his son William, a mezzotinto engraver, broke his spirits, and "a lingering consumption put an end to his life." He was buried at St. Anne's, Blackfriars, May 13, 1691. Walpole has given a list of Faithorne's best pieces, many of which are executed with great taste, and are works of much interest. Walpole himself possessed two hundred and eighty-five prints by Faithorne; but the best collection of this artist's works ever made was that of Sir Mark Sykes, sold in 1824 for £1271. 14s. 6d. His masterpiece is considered the portrait of Lady Paston, after Vandyck, which realized at that sale £42. 10s. 6d, Faithorne was also a writer. In 1662 he published "The Art of Graveing and Etching, wherein is expressed the true way of graveing in copper."—(Walpole, Anecdotes of Painting, &c.; ed. Wornum, 1847.)—R. N. W.
FAJARDO, Diego Saaveuea, a Spanish author and statesman, died in 1648, after having been many years in the service of the crown. His chief work is the "Idea of a Christian Prince"—a hundred essays on the education of a prince, his relations towards his ministers and subjects, and his duties towards himself. It was first published at Münster in 1640, and has been translated into English, Latin, and other languages. His "Republica Literaria" is also celebrated.—F. M. W.
FAKHR-ED-DIN—The glory of the faith; an epithet bestowed on many distinguished mussulmans—
Fakhr-ed-Din-ar-Rasi: the title by which Abu-Abdallah Mohammed, one of the most learned of Mussulmans, is best known. He was born in the province of Irak in Turkey in Asia in 1149, or as some state two years later. He had the good fortune to receive a careful education from his father, who was himself a learned man; and after his death the young man travelled, and placed himself under other teachers. Subsequently he engaged in a religious controversy, and his opponents, irritated at his success, raised the people against him, and he was forced to return to his native place. He did not remain there long, and finally settled at Herat and became high in the favour of the sultan, who founded a college for him, in which he continued till his death in 1210. The range of his knowledge appears to have been large, and he has left works on history, philology, theology, mathematics, law, and medicine, and was also a poet. He was equally master of Arabic and Persian, and his writings were considered standard works in the East.—J. F. W.
Fakhr-ed-Din-Binakiti, the popular designation of Abu Solyman Daoud, one of the Persian historians. He was born at Binakit in Mawar-an-Nahr in 1329. He wrote of distinguished men, including the kings of Persia, and also many persons of other nations, Jews, French, Indians, Chinese, and Moguls. The work, however, is said to be an abridgment of another historian, which has been recently discovered. Part of the work was translated into Latin by A. Müller in 1677, and into English by Weston in 1820.—J. F. W.
Fakhr-ed-Din (Sherif Safi), an Arabian historian, who lived in the early part of the fourteenth century. He was a man of some distinction in point of family. The work by which he is well known to oriental scholars by the learned labours of M. Silvestre de Lacy, Georg Wilhelm Freytag, and others—the "Fakhri"—is partly political and partly historical; the former portion being a treatise upon the conduct of princes, the latter a history of the Caliphat, from the time of Abou Bekr to the death of Motasim Billah, a period of about six centuries. This work, of which there is said to be but one copy extant—that in the bibliotheque imperiale at Paris—is one of the most important historical records of Arabia, and especially valuable for its impartiality and sound judgment.—J. F. W.
Fakhr-ed-Din, Sovereign-emir of the Druses, was born in 1584 and died in 1635. His father having been poisoned in 1586, his mother, Setnesep, seized the reins of the government, and ruled with such wisdom and vigour, that during her administration Fakhr-ed-Din reconquered the provinces his father had lost. Of a wily and ambitious character, he was also proclaimed grand-emir by the chiefs of the Druses. He took advantage of the wars and difficulties of the Ottomans to extend his dominions, and for a long time was extraordinarily successful. But after the death of his mother his love of conquest wrought his ruin. He exasperated all the neighbouring peoples, and was soon surrounded with enemies. He was eventually taken prisoner, carried to Constantinople, and there beheaded.—R. M., A.
FALCANDUS, Ugo: the place and time of his birth and death are uncertain; he is supposed to have been born in Normandy. The name is written variously—Falcand, Fulcandus, and Foucault. He lived in Sicily, and wrote the "History of Sicily in his own times;" the work extends from 1146 to 1169. It is reprinted in Muratori's and other collections. It is quoted with praise by Gibbon.—J. A., D.
FALCAO, Christovao, otherwise Christovam Falcam, a Portuguese author in the early part of the sixteenth century, one of those who led the transition from the stately style of poetry imported from Italy to the more passionate and less regular form of later times. Falcao was a knight of the order of Christ, an admiral, and governor of Madeira. A long eclogue by this author, appended to the works of Ribeyro, puts into the mouth of a shepherd the real sorrows of the writer. It appears that he married his mistress, Maria Brandano, against the will of her parents, for which he suffered five years' imprisonment. He
