leave me to the experience of a few years to set me right on that matter." Faraday now left the bookbinding trade, and entered upon his duties at the Royal Institution in March, 1813. In the autumn of that year Sir H. Davy purposed going abroad; he offered Mr. Faraday the opportunity of going with him as his assistant and amanuensis, and promised that he should resume his situation in the Royal Institution on his return to England. Faraday accepted the offer, left the institution on the 13th October, 1813, and, after travelling with Sir H. Davy in France, Italy, Switzerland, the Tyrol, &c., in that and the following year, returned to England and London on the 23rd April, 1815. Soon after that he resumed his place as chemical assistant in the Royal Institution. In the year 1815 he joined a body of individuals consisting, perhaps, of thirty or forty, under the name of the City Philosophical Society—all in the humble ranks of life, who met in the small house of Mr. Tatum, their chief, No. 53 Dorset Street, Fleet Street, every Wednesday for mutual instruction. Every other Wednesday a member lectured, and friends were admitted. Every alternate Wednesday the members were alone, and considered and discussed such questions as were brought forward by each in turn. This society was very moderate in its pretensions, and most valuable to the members in its results. Besides this weekly meeting, a certain number of friends, perhaps half a dozen, chiefly members of the society, met at each other's places of residence to read together, and to criticise, correct, and improve each other's pronunciation and construction of language. The discipline was very steady, the remarks very plain and open, and the results most important. This continued for several years. Saturday night was the time of meeting at the Royal Institution, in the furthest and uppermost room in the house, then Mr. Faraday's residence. In the month of May, 1821, Mr. Faraday was appointed superintendent of the house and laboratory of the Royal Institution; and on the 12th June following he married, an event which, as he has been heard to say, more than any other contributed to his earthly happiness and healthy state of mind. On the 22nd September, 1823, his birthday, he was elected corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences, Paris; and, on the 20th January, 1845, he was raised to the dignity of being one of its eight foreign associates, of which, by the death of Humboldt, he became the oldest On the 9th January, 1824, he was chosen fellow of the Royal Society of London. On 7th February, 1825, he was appointed director of the laboratory of the Royal Institution; his talents having displayed themselves during the period in which he was joined with Mr. Brande in the delivery of many courses of chemical lectures. In January, 1826, he was released from attendance on lectures as chemical assistant in the Royal Institution, because of his being occupied in scientific research; and, in the month of April, 1827, he first took his place as lecturer in the great theatre of that institution. On the 21st June, 1832, the university of Oxford conferred upon him the degree of doctor of civil law. When, on the 12th February, 1833, Mr. Fuller founded the Fullerian professorship of chemistry in the Royal Institution, he nominated Mr. Faraday the first professor, to continue such as long as he should remain attached to the institution, and that without any lecture duty, as being one whose time was employed in research. On the 24th December, 1835, the British government granted him a pension of £300 per annum. On the 5th February, 1836, he was made scientific adviser on lights to the Trinity-house, London; and, on the 15th of the same month, he was nominated one of the senate of thirty-eight in the charter under which the university of London was founded by King William. On the 16th June, 1842, he was made one of the thirty foreign knights of the order of merit upon the extension of that order by King Frederic William of Prussia to men of science and literature. He was one of the judges (raw materials) at the Great Exhibition held in London in the year 1851. On the 14th November, 1855, he was created commander of the legion of honour, France, by Napoleon III. Mr. Faraday made many important discoveries in light, magnetism, and electricity, which raised him to the highest rank among European philosophers. By his experiments he demonstrated that electricity, galvanism, and magnetism are but modifications of the same force under different circumstances—a force which, as he said, the present state of things encouraged the hope of bringing into a bond of union with gravity itself. He discovered magneto-electricity, arrived inductively at its principles, enumerated the laws of its phenomena, and elevated it to the dignity of a science. Mr. Faraday was a deep and patient investigator, and a profound and cautious theorist. His researches have few parallels in the history of science, as regards the magnitude and interest of the results obtained. They are surpassed by none as specimens of pure inductive inquiry, and evince an ardent love of philosophic truth wholly free from the jealousies which too often distort the search after it. He furnished an eminent example to others, of genius submitting itself to the strictest laws of philosophical inquiry. He condensed many gases supposed to be permanent into liquids, and destroyed the distinction, until then received, between gases and vapours. He published in 1827 a treatise on chemical manipulation, which has gone through various editions; in 1830, a paper on the manufacture of glass for optical purposes; and, in 1831, a paper on acoustical figures. In 1831 he commenced to publish in the Philosophical Transactions his experimental researches in electricity. These papers were almost regularly published, two every year (each containing either a discovery or a criticism, arising out of some original discovery, on the labours of others), till they formed, when collected, three volumes. The first, his "Experimental Researches in Electricity," was published in octavo in 1839; it treats of static electricity and the chemical phenomena of voltaic electricity. The second volume, which appeared in 1844, 8vo, treats of electro-magnetism and magneto-electricity. The third volume, which was published in 1855, 8vo, treats of diamagnetism and the magnetic nature of light. In 1853 "The Subject Matter of a Course of Six Lectures on the Non-metallic Elements," was published in an octavo volume, not by himself, but by Dr. Scofferon. In like manner his lectures at Christmas, 1859-60, were published by Mr. Crookes. In 1855 appeared his observations on "Mental Education," being a lecture delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain before his Royal Highness Prince Albert. This work urges the importance of cultivating the study of natural sciences in our schools and colleges. His latest volume, entitled ' Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics," published, (8vo) in 1859, contains—liquefaction of gases; new hydrogen carbon composed; chlorides of carbon; optical glass; optical deceptions; relations of gold and other metals to light. Although Mr. Faraday's fame is especially associated with electricity and magneto-electricity, his labours were not limited to this branch of science; the extent of his researches is evidenced by his published memoirs on other subjects, as well as by his public lectures. With the highest qualities as an investigator, he possessed the happiest power of expounding to a general audience the result of the most recondite investigations. One of the most remarkable traits in his character as a philosopher was that, detesting half-truths, he never announced a discovery or propounded a theory until it was perfect. Under the pressure of long-continued devotion to profound scientific research, his mental energies gave way a short period before his death, which occurred on the 25th of August, 1867. But he had lived to see his great achievements recognized by the learned societies of every country in Europe. In private life, Mr. Faraday was beloved for the simplicity and truthfulness of his character and the kindness of his disposition.—W. A. B.
FARDELLA, Michele Angelo, an Italian philosopher of the idealist school, who flourished in the latter part of the seventeenth century, and died at Padua in 1718. In his "Logic," published at Venice in 1696, he endeavours to show that the existence of matter, in short of anything external to the thinking mind, cannot be deduced from the evidence of the senses, nor rationally demonstrated. He admits, however, that it may be maintained on the grounds of revelation. Here he falls into inconsistency, since, if the evidence of our senses be fallacious concerning outward objects in general, the same uncertainty is necessarily cast upon the records of revelation He published a number of works on mathematical and philosophical subjects—J. W. S.
FAREL, Guillaume, one of the earliest and most eminent of the reformers, was born in 1489 at Gap in Dauphiny. He was of noble descent, and was designed by his father for a military life; but his eager desire to be allowed to devote himself to learning prevailed, and he was at length sent to the university of Paris. Here he became the attached pupil of Lefévre d'Etaples, and was among the first to receive from him the spiritual illumination which the reading of the Bible had conveyed into his own mind. Having finished his studies, he lectured as pro-
