conservative policy of Prince Metternich, immutable in Germany, changed several times in regard to Hungary, where the half-liberal governor. Count Reviezky, was succeeded in 1836 by the reactionary Count Palffy, who had for successors in 1839 the liberal Count Majlath, and in 1844 the doctrinaire conservative Count Apponyi. Though the finances of the empire had gradually fallen into the greatest disorder, railways were formed by the state upon an extensive scale. The rising of the upper classes in Austrian Poland in 1846, was suppressed by letting the serfs loose against the gentry, and paying head-money to the murderers. The republic of Cracow was at the same time annexed to the empire, in direct violation of the treaties of 1815, and against the protest of England. The financial crisis in 1847 prepared the minds for the revolution of 1848, by which, on the 13th of March, Prince Metternich was expelled from his office, and obliged to flee from the country. The Archduke Louis and Count Kollowrat promised a constitution, which proved, however, unsatisfactory; and its publication in May led to an outbreak at Vienna, to a change of the administration, and to the flight of the emperor to Innspruck in the Tyrol. In Italy a successful insurrection was suppressed by the defeat of the Sardinian army at Somma Campagna, by which the reactionary court party was reassured. The emperor returned to Vienna, though the government was still in hands unfit to govern any country. In Hungary, where Count Louis Batthyanyi and Kossuth stood at the head of affairs, the legal and constitutional progress of the country was checked by the insurrection of the Serbs, and by the invasion of Hungary by Baron Jellachich, both these movements being secretly supported by the court party. The open support given by the minister of war to Ban Jellachich after his defeat in Hungary, produced a revolution at Vienna. On the 6th of October the emperor fled to Olmütz in Moravia, where the Archduchess Sophia, being supported by the Generals Prince Schwarzenberg, Prince Windishgratz, and Ban Jellachich, succeeded in inducing the emperor to abdicate in favour of his nephew Francis Joseph, on the 2nd of December, 1848. The ex-emperor has since lived in great retirement at Prague in Bohemia.—F. P., L.
Ferdinand of Bavaria, Archbishop of Cologne, and prince-bishop of Liege and Munster, was the son of William, the fifth duke of Bavaria, and of Renée of Lorraine. He was born, October 7, 1577, and died, September 13, 1650. In 1612 he succeeded his uncle Ernest of Bavaria in the high offices above named, and for many years played a prominent part in the ecclesiastico-political affairs of Austria and the Netherlands. He contributed considerably to the election of the emperors Matthias and Ferdinand II.; and for some time commanded troops during the Thirty Years' war. But his name was best known in those times from his chronic quarrels with the people of Liege, who were partisans of France, while he, as might be expected, was a supporter of the Spanish party.—R. M., A.
Ferdinand I., II., III., of Bohemia. See Ferdinand I., II., III., of Austria.
Ferdinand I., II., III., of Hungary. See Ferdinand I., II., III., of Austria.
Ferdinand-Charles-Joseph-D'este, Archduke of Austria, Prince-Royal of Hungary and Bohemia, and Prince of Modena, born 25th April, 1781; died 5th November, 1850. He was the second son of Ferdinand-Charles-Anthony-Joseph, brother of the emperors Joseph and Leopold. At twenty-four years of age he received the supreme command of the third division of the Austrian army in the campaign of 1805 against France, although in reality its movements were regulated by the orders of General Mack, who was chief of the staff. Mack having allowed his position on the River Iller, between Ulm and Guntzburg, to be turned, and his communications with Bavaria, Austria, and Tyrol to be cut off, Ferdinand, who commanded the left wing, was beaten on 9th October by Ney. When Mack had allowed himself to be shut up in Ulm, Ferdinand resolved to force a passage at the head of twelve squadrons. Prince Schwartzenberg took the command of this force, and succeeded in crossing the French line, and reached Geilingen. Ferdinand retired towards Œttingen where he rallied what remained of the Hohenzollern division; his whole force did not exceed three thousand men, of whom eighteen hundred were cavalry. The infantry and heavy cavalry fell into the hands of the French. But after numerous fierce encounters with the enemy Ferdinand succeeded in reaching Eger with less than fifteen hundred men, having traversed fifty German miles in eight days. He was now appointed to take the command of the Austrian forces in Bohemia, and inflicted several defeats upon the Bavarians. In 1809 being appointed commander of the seventh division of the army, consisting of thirty-six thousand men, he crossed the Pilica and entered on 15th April the grand-duchy of Warsaw. He published a proclamation calling on the Poles to rise against Napoleon and the king of Saxony, which was unheeded. He was opposed vigorously by Poniatowski, and on 22nd April was obliged to give up Warsaw by capitulation, and fall back upon Prague and the right bank of the Vistula. He then marched against Kalisch and attacked Thorn, but without effect. In the campaign of 1815 Ferdinand held the chief command of the Austrian reserve of forty-four thousand men. In 1826 he assisted as ambassador extraordinary at the coronation of the Emperor Nicholas at Moscow, whose confidence he seemed to possess in a high degree. He was governor-general of Gallicia from 1830 until the insurrection of 1846, when he resigned that office. He afterwards resided in Italy.—J. T—r.
FERDINANDS OF ITALY.
Ferdinand or Ferrante I., King of Naples, of the Sicilian branch of the house of Arragon, born in 1423, was a natural son of Alfonso I., who had been adopted as successor to the crown by Queen Giovanna, the last representative of the house of Anjou at Naples. Ferrante was called to the throne by the last will of his father in 1458. Pope Calixtus III. having refused to recognize him, he appealed from the pope to the council, and, supported by a portion of his subjects, made good his claims against both the church and the pretender, John of Anjou. The king afterwards reconciled himself with the court of Rome, and fought in its behalf, when Sixtus IV., who was mixed up with the conspiracy of the Pazzi, declared war against Lorenzo de Medici. Lorenzo, however, the ablest diplomatist of his times, having gone to Naples in 1480, succeeded in making a friend of Ferrante, and the pope, left alone, was obliged to desist from hostilities. Owing to the discontent evinced by the people towards the king and his son Alfonso, duke of Calabria, who had monopolized to their profit the whole commerce of the state, the hopes of the Anjou party were revived. The town of Aquila in the Abruzzi and the disaffected nobles rose in arms against the government in 1485. Ferrante, however, put down the insurgents, and the chiefs of the nobility were condemned to death. The relations with the papacy continued unfriendly, as the king refused to pay to Innocent VIII. the census claimed by Rome as a token of fealty; and, subsequently, he extended his patronage to Virginio Orsini and other vassals of the church against Alexander VI. The alliance which was subsequently formed between the king, Pietro de Medici, and Virginio, proved fatal to the house of Arragon; as Lodovico il Moro—the usurper of the dukedom of Milan against his nephew, Galeazzo Sforza, and the wife of the latter, Isabella d'Arragona—fearing that that alliance might turn to his ruin, enticed Charles VIII. of France to the conquest of Naples. Ferrante did not live to see the fall of his dynasty, as he died 25th of January, 1494.—A. S., O.
Ferdinand or Ferrante II. of Arragon, King of Naples. He was grandson of Ferrante I., and son and successor to Alfonso II., who, after a year's reign, 1494-95, abdicated in his favour, whilst the French were entering the frontiers of his states. Ferrante had attempted to oppose their progress in the Romagna, but the bad discipline of his army, the desertion of all his allies, and the defection of Prospero Colonna, compelled him to retire and seek at least to defend the Neapolitan territory. No defence, however, was possible; as by the treason of Triulzio, the Orsini and other followers of the Arragonese cause were reduced to inaction, and the king himself was obliged to take refuge first in the island of Ischia, then in Sicily. The kingdom, however, was no sooner lost than recovered; for, owing to a sudden revulsion of feeling in the Neapolitans against the insolence of their new masters, and a league of the rest of Italy against Charles, the latter was forced to retrace his steps to the Alps. Ferrante, with the aid of the great captain, Gonzalvo de Cordova, regained possession of his states. He died 7th October, 1496, at the age of twenty-nine.—A. S., O.
Ferdinand III. See Ferdinand V. of Castile.
Ferdinand I., King of the Two Sicilies, of the house of Bourbon, was born 12th January, 1757. The rule of this house in southern Italy dates from the time of the war for the succession of Poland in the last century. The shrewd and ambitious Elisa-
