death in the year 1032 of the Hegira, a.d. 1623. He was a Bosnian by birth, and ultimately attained the rank of capitan pacha, and brother-in-law to the Sultan Mustapha. That prince was almost imbecile, and after a reign of a few months was deposed by his nephew Othman. A counter-revolution led to the restoration of Mustapha, 19th May, 1622. Daoud-Pacha was nominated grand vizier, and a few days after caused Othman to be executed. This crime did not serve the purposes contemplated by its author, and was speedily followed by condign punishment. The vizier had to be sacrificed to the fury of the spahis.—J. T.
DARA-CHEKOUH, an Indian prince, son of Shah Djehan, emperor of Mogul, was born in 1616. Devoting his leisure hours to the cultivation of literature, he had a formidable rival for the throne in his younger brother, the ambitious and crafty Aurungzebe (see Aurungzebe), and their rivalry soon broke out into open hostility. Dara was worsted in the struggle, and sought refuge in Agra, but was in the end betrayed and delivered up to his brother, by whom he was put to death at Delhi. The unfortunate prince was possessed of considerable poetical talent, and cultivated literature with success. His principal work is a translation into Persian of a book entitled "Oupanishades," which contains an epitome of the dogmatic portion of the Vedas.—J. T.
DARAN, Jacques, a French surgeon, born in 1705, was noted for his successful treatment of diseases of the bladder, and for the employment rather than the invention of the bougie. He rose eventually to be one of the surgeons-in-ordinary to Louis XV., and had an immense and lucrative practice in Paris as well as agents in most of the capitals of Europe. From a curious pamphlet in the library of the British museum, which seems to have escaped the notice of his French biographers, and, like all his writings, has something of charlatanism in its tone, he appears to have visited England professionally, and "Daran's original bougies" were paraded in the shop-windows of the London druggists of a century ago. He will be remembered chiefly by a passage in Rousseau's Confessions, where Jean-Jacques, who had consulted him, bears testimony to his skill. Daran dissipated in speculations his large fortune, and died in distressed circumstances in 1784.—F. E.
D'Arblay. See Arblay, Madame D'.
DARC or D'ARC. See Joan of Arc.
DARCET, Jean, a French chemist, born in 1727, the eldest son of a provincial judge, in early youth sacrificed to science the fortune which his father, disapproving of his pursuits, alienated to the child of a second marriage. Darcet became tutor to Montesquieu's son, and assisted in the classification of the materials of the Esprit des Loix. Marrying a daughter of Rouelle, one of the founders of French chemistry, he devoted himself to the latter science, especially in its application to practical life. He bestowed particular attention on the earths and their modification by fire, and by his demonstration of the combustibility of the diamond, paved the way for the discovery of its true composition. As superintendent of the royal manufactory at Sévres and otherwise, he contributed to the improvement of porcelain. He was the first professor of experimental chemistry at the Collège de France, and the small salary' which he received in that capacity he applied wholly to defray the expenses of the necessary experiments. Compromised in the Revolution by his connection—one purely scientific—with the duke of Orleans, he escaped through the intervention of Fourcroy, and lived to be a member of the senate of a subsequent régime. He died in 1801.—F. E.
DARCET, Jean Pierre Joseph, a French chemist, son of the preceding, born in 1777; died in 1844. At the age of twenty-four he was appointed to the office of assayer of the mint. He founded various important works connected with chemical arts and manufactures, and introduced into the processes many ingenious and productive improvements. He succeeded Berthollet in the section of chemistry of the Académie des Sciences in 1823.—F. P.
D'ARCY, Patrick, an Irish mathematician and military officer, member of the French Academy of Sciences, was born at Galway in 1726. Educated at Paris, he made very extraordinary progress in mathematics at an early age. After serving two campaigns in the French army, he became, in 1746, aid-decamp to Count Fitzjames, commander of some French troops sent to support Charles-Edward. Having been made prisoner along with the whole force under Fitzjames, he was released in 1717. He published various able treatises and dissertations on the theory and practice of artillery, &c. In 1757 he was present at the battle of Rosbach, with the rank of colonel; at the peace of 1763 he resumed his scientific pursuits. Died at Paris in 1779. D'Arcy's great achievement was this: he shared the honour, with Euler and Daniel Bernoulli, of establishing in its largest form that principle of the conservation of areas, which John Kepler first detected as a fact, among the motions of the celestial orbs. This great principle has since been farther generalized by Laplace and Poinsot, in whose hands it ultimately became the principle of the immobility of the plane of maximum areas.—J. P. N.
* DAREMBERG, Charles Victor, born in 1817, has distinguished himself by services rendered to the ancient literature of medicine. He took his degree as doctor of medicine in 1841, and in 1845 he was commissioned by the French government to explore the libraries of Germany, with the view of publishing an edition of the ancient writers on medicine. In 1847 and 1848 he seems to have visited England at his own cost, in furtherance of the same object. In the former year appeared a prospectus and specimen of this great work—which is still in course of publication—"Bibliotheca Medicorum Classicorum Græcorum atque Latinorum," &c. He had been appointed in 1843 librarian of the Académie de Médecine, and published the same year a selection from the works of Hippocrates. M. Daremberg is now librarian of the Mazarine.—F. E.
DARGAN, William, was born in the county of Carlow in Ireland, on the 28th day of February, 1799. After leaving school he was placed in a surveyor's office, having exhibited a remarkable power of calculation, a strong clear intellect, and great aptitude for business. While yet a youth he went to England, and obtained an engagement under Mr. Telford, who employed him in the construction of the great Holyhead road. Here it was that Dargan's great natural abilities first attracted public attention, and accordingly when, soon after, the fine road between Dublin and Howth was projected by the government, the contract for its construction was given to him. The manner in which he executed this work established his character, so that when, in 1831, a bill was obtained for the formation of the Dublin and Kingston railway, the execution of this great work—among the first of the kind undertaken in Ireland, and, indeed, in the world—was committed to Dargan. The manner in which he accomplished the then novel and very difficult work confided to him, added to his reputation and to his means. Mr. Dargan now contracted extensively for such works as were projected in Ireland. His contract for the Ulster canal, between Lough Erne and Belfast, was accepted, and executed most satisfactorily. Then, as the railway system began to develope itself in this country, Mr. Dargan's abilities found a larger field, and we believe that scarcely any great railway has been since constructed in Ireland In which he was not engaged. His name is, however, especially connected with the Great Southern and Western, the Midland Great Western, and the Dublin and Wicklow lines, each of which are monuments of his ability. It is, however, with the great Industrial Exhibition at Dublin in 1853, that the name of William Dargan is pre-eminently associated. When attending the opening of the Cork exhibition in June, 1852, Mr. Dargan conceived the bold and munificent Idea of getting up an exhibition in Dublin at his own sole expense. This he at first estimated would require a sum of about £10,000; but as his plans became more matured, his notions expanded, and so, adding constantly to his ideas, and finally associating with his design the creation of a great gallery for paintings and the fine arts, he found on the day of the opening that his outlay was not much under £100,000. Many were the offers of individuals to contribute to the expenses of the undertaking while it was in progress, but Dargan was determined that the sole responsibility and the sole credit should be his, and he declined all assistance; and though the exhibition was eminently successful, he ultimately was a loser to the extent of near £10,000. His fellow-countrymen, however, did not fail to appreciate the noble munificence in which they were not permitted to bear a part; and, accordingly, a meeting was held in July, 1853, at which the great services of Mr. Dargan to his country were fully and warmly acknowledged, and a subscription was opened "to perpetuate, in connection with his name, the remembrance of the good he has effected, by the founding some institution hat would be permanently useful in extending industrial education." To the funds thus collected the government added a grant, and the
