parliament as member for Athy in 1783. With the view of acquiring a greater knowledge of military science, he took up his residence at Woolwich in 1786; and during the summer of that year accompanied his uncle, the duke of Richmond, then master of the ordnance, upon his official tour of the Channel Islands. Disappointed in politics, and frustrated in an attachment which he had formed for a rich and beautiful young lady, in June, 1788, he joined his regiment—the 54th—then stationed in Nova Scotia. It was during this time that he wrote those beautiful letters to his mother, which breathe the finest feeling and the most manly spirit, expressing in the tenderest terms his affection for the duchess, and detailing wild adventures of Canadian life. Returning to England in 1789, he found himself soon after member of parliament for the county of Kildare, and an intimate friend of Mr. Fox and Mr. Sheridan. The exciting events of 1792 led him to Paris, and this appears to have been the period when his mind first acquired that republican bias which was the spring of his subsequent misfortunes. In a letter written about this time, he says—"I dine to-day with Madame Sillery" (the countess de Genlis). This was the occasion upon which he first met the celebrated Pamela. Their marriage took place at Tournay in December, 1792. Having attended a festival given at Paris in honour of the republican victories, his lordship incurred the displeasure of the horse guards, and was dismissed the army. The following January found him and his charming bride visiting their relations in Ireland, and for three years he seems to have abstained from taking any active part in politics. The rejection of certain motions proposed by the liberal party in the house of commons, was the immediate cause of a change in Lord Edward's career. In 1796, having joined the "United Irishmen," he went to Paris as agent for the society, and effected a treaty with the directory, which resulted in the well-known failure of Hoche. In the beginning of 1798 Lord Edward was placed at the head of the "military committee," whose duty it was to prepare a plan of co-operating with the enemy. Thomas Reynolds, an informer, having been intrusted with certain information by Lord Edward, basely placed it at the disposal of government, and the chiefs of the party were in consequence arrested at Mr. Bond's house in Dublin, on the 12th of March, 1798. Lord Edward was not there, but on returning home to Lemster house, was met by the faithful Tony, who told him that the officers were then engaged in searching the house. Although a large sum was offered for his capture, he managed for some weeks to elude his pursuers. On the evening of the 19th of May he was lying on a bed in Mr. Murphy's house in Thomas Street, when Major Swan and Captain Ryan entered the room to apprehend him. Lord Edward jumped up "like a tiger." Swan fired a pistol without effect. Lord Edward, with a dagger, stabbed Swan and mortally wounded Ryan. Major Sirr, with a picquet of soldiers, next came in and fired, wounding Lord Edward in the arm, who was then secured by soldiers and conveyed to the castle, and subsequently to Newgate, where he died 4th June, leaving one son and two daughters. The bill of attainder passed after his death was repealed in 1819. His widow, Pamela, afterwards Mrs. Pitcairn, died in indigence in Paris in 1831.—R. B—ke.
* FITZGERALD, William, born 3rd December, 1814, son of Maurice Fitzgerald, M.D., late of the H.E.I.C. service, and Mary, daughter of Edward W. Burton, Esq., of Clifden in the county of Clare. He was educated at Middleton school in the county of Cork. On the 1st November, 1830, he entered at Trinity college, Dublin, the Rev, J. T. O'Brien, afterwards bishop of Ferns and Ossory, being his first college tutor. In 1831 he took first honours in science and classics. In 1833 and 1834 he was awarded the vice-chancellor's prizes for Greek and English verse, and in the same years was first in literis humanioribus. In 1834 he obtained a scholarship and a Hebrew prize. He graduated B.A., 3rd of March, 1835. After the usual course of theological study he took holy orders. His earliest sermons were very promising, evincing a depth of thought and soundness of judgment rarely found and hardly ever expected in the writings of young clergymen. He took the degree of M.A. in 1848. In 1847 he was curate at Clontarf, near Dublin. In 1849 he was chosen to fill the chair of moral philosophy in Trinity college, Dublin, a position for which he was eminently qualified, as well by his comprehensive powers of mind as by patient study, untiring zeal in the pursuit of philosophic truth, and a remarkable facility of expressing in very simple language the deepest researches in philosophy. In 1851 he took the degree of B.D., and in the following year he became vicar of St. Ann's, Dublin, On the 8th of February, 1853, he took the degree of D.D.; and about the same time he became chaplain to Dr. Whateley, archbishop of Dublin. In October, 1853, he was examiner in logic and mental philosophy at the degree examination in arts in the Queen's university in Ireland, which had been incorporated in 1850. He held for some time the incumbency of Monkstown. In 1855 he became prebendary of Tymothan and archdeacon of Kildare. About the same time he was elected to the chair of ecclesiastical history in the university of Dublin. On the 8th of March, 1857, he was elevated to the see of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross. Dr. Fitzgerald holds as high a rank among moral and mental philosophers as he does among divines. With him the science of mind is eminently practical; the phenomena of the understanding are carefully noted and clearly described; none are omitted, and none taken upon trust. In private life he is characterized by simplicity, earnestness, and the utmost gentleness, traits which render him much beloved in his own circle. Besides sermons and charges, he has published—"An Essay on Logomachy," 1847; "Holy Scripture the ultimate Rule of Faith," 1847; "Practical Sermons," 1847; "A Disputation on the Holy Scriptures, translated for the Parker Society," 1849; "An edition of Butler's Analogy of Religion, with a Life of the Author, notes, and an index," 1849; "A Selection from the Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle," 1850.—His brother Francis A. Fitzgerald, a distinguished lawyer, was for many years one of the leaders of the chancery bar in Ireland, and was created a baron of the exchequer in that kingdom in 1859.—W. A. B.
FITZ-GIBBON, John, Earl of Clare. See Clare.
FITZHERBERT, Sir Anthony, a learned English lawyer of the time of Henry VIII., was born in Derbyshire, and educated at Oxford. After attaining the several degrees and ranks of barrister, sergeant, king's sergeant, and knight, he was, in 1523, made a justice of the common pleas, and died in 1538. His legal works are his monument. They consist chiefly of the "Grand Abridgement of the Law," in three parts, 1516, two editions, the first edition, probably printed in that year, a fine specimen of typography. This is a laborious and accurate common-place book of cases, alphabetically arranged. The "New Natura Brevium," 1534, which has passed through nine editions, the last with a commentary ascribed to C. J. Hale. This latter is a work of great merit. It is founded on the "Registrum Brevium," or repertory of writs or letters from the king or his judges—the first processes of the remedies of the common law. The remedy is taken as an exponent of the right, and its nature explained and commented on, thus connecting the theory and practice of the law. These works were written in law French; but the later editions of the "Natura" are in English. His other works are—"Diversity of Courts," 1529; "New Book of Justices of Peace," 1538; "Office of Sheriff," 1538; and "Book of Husbandry," 1534, to which is added the "Surveying," a posthumous publication—the two last in English. Fitzherbert was a rigid maintainer of the pope's authority, and discountenanced Wolsey's scheme for alienating monastic lands. It was out of zeal Romewards, perhaps, that he inserted in the "Natura" the "Writ de Hæretico comburendo," which is not found in the "Register," stating that burning was the common law punishment for heresy after relapse. However, the writ itself was abolished by stat. 29, Car. II. cap. 9. "Laus Deo," exclaims the commentator.—S. H. G.
FITZHERBERT, Maria, was the youngest daughter of Walter Smythe, Esq., of Brambridge, Hants, second son of Sir John Smythe, Bart, of Eshe, Durham, and Acton Burnell, Salop. She was born in 1756, and married in 1775 Edward Weld, Esq., of Lullworth castle, Dorset, who died in the course of the same year. In 1778 she became the wife of Thomas Fitzherbert, Esq., of Swinnerton, Staffordshire, who died in 1781, leaving her a second time a widow before she had reached her twenty-fifth year. About four years after this event she was introduced to the prince of Wales, afterwards George IV., and soon became the object of by far the most respectable attachment which this prince ever formed. His assiduous attentions were accompanied by the offer of marriage; but Mrs. Fitzherbert was a sincere Roman catholic. A marriage, therefore, between her and the heir-apparent to the throne was forbidden by law, and must
