Germany, where he died at Heidelberg, August 30, 1660. His epic poem on Duke Bernhard of Weimar—"Deutscher Tugendspiegel," &c.—has justly sunk into oblivion, whilst his editions of several Latin classics, and his continuations of Curtius and Livy still enjoy the esteem of classical scholars.—K. E.
FREIRE, Francisco Jozé, a Portuguese historian (better known by his pseudonym of Candido Lusitano), born at Lisbon in 1713. He early became a member of the society of St. Philip Neri, and was one of the founders or revivers of the literary society known by the name of the Arcadians. He was one of those who most powerfully contributed to the revival of literature, and the improvement of the current style on the model of the classics. He translated Horace's Ars Poetica, and seems to have entertained the hope of reforming the national poetry; but his efforts in this direction are now little remembered. His first publication was an essay on oratory, followed up by a curious and useful series of chronological tables of the history of Portugal, 1748. He is, however, better known by his "Life of the Infant Don Enrique," 1758, a work which is still valuable, though later researches have added to the materials which it contains. He also wrote an account of the great earthquake of 1755, and "Reflections on the Portuguese Language," published in 1842 by the Lisbon Useful Knowledge Society, with a preface by M. Rivara. He died about 1773.—F. M. W.
FREIRE DE ANDRADA, Gomez, a Portuguese statesman and general, born in 1685; died in 1763. He studied at Coimbra, entered the army, and during the sanguinary contests with Spain, displayed no small courage. In 1733 he was appointed governor of Rio Janeiro, and distinguished his administration by the building of a palace for himself and his successors, and by other embellishments to the city. He also developed the resources of the diamond mines of Paracatu; and equally distinguished himself by the foundation of the first Academy of Sciences of Brazil. In 1734, when the disputes between Spain and Portugal in the South American continent had been brought to a crisis, Freire de Andrada, at the head of all the forces he could command, marched upon Rio Grande, and crossed the Rio Pardo. The disputes were for a time appeased; but in 1756 the "War of the Missions" broke out again, and Andrada obtained a too complete success—no less than the entire destruction of the "Seven Missions." He is said to have died of chagrin at the loss of the colony of Sacramento in 1762.—F. M. W.
FREIRE DE ANDRADA, Gomez, a Portuguese officer, born at Vienna in 1752. He entered the Portuguese army when young, and was permitted to join the Russian service during the war between Catherine II. and Turkey. He was decorated for his bravery at the sieges of Ockzakoff and Ismaïl, and re-entered the Portuguese army with the rank of colonel in 1800, in the war between Spain and Portugal. In 1808 he joined the army organized by Junot, and after a short time went to France, where his abilities were soon recognized; and he took part in the disastrous Russian campaign, in which his knowledge of the country was of essential service. He was appointed governor of Dresden in 1813, and, on the surrender of the town, was made prisoner, but soon returned to France, and thence to Portugal. In 1817 he was accused of being involved in a plot of which, if it ever existed, the object apparently was to throw off allegiance to the court of Rio Janeiro. He was shot, 18th October, 1817, by order of Marshal Beresford. In 1820 an inquiry was instituted into the alleged plot, and it was formally decided that the accusation, which led to his execution, was wholly unfounded. He has left a useful treatise on the method of organizing the Portuguese army: Lisbon, 1807.—F. M. W.
* FREIRE DE CARVALHO, Francisco, a Portuguese author, born in the latter part of the last century, canon of the cathedral of Lisbon, and professor of classical literature and eloquence at the National Lyceum. He is the author of a valuable essay on the literature of Portugal, Lisbon, 1845; "Elementary lessons on the National Poetry," and an excellent edition of the Lusiad—F. M. W.
FREIRE. See Andrada, Jacinto de.
FREITAG. See Freytag.
* FREMANTLE, Sir Thomas Francis, of Swanboume in the county of Bucks, baronet, eldest son of the late Admiral Fremantle, was born 11th March, 1798. His early studies were for some time conducted under the Rev. Charles James Bloomfield, late bishop of London. He afterwards entered Oriel college, Oxford, where he took his degree, first-class in mathematics, and second-class in classics, in 1819. He was created a baronet in 1821. He married in 1824 Louisa Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Field-marshal Sir George Nugent, baronet, G.C.B. In 1826, though then a very young magistrate, he was elected chairman of the Bucks quarter sessions, the duties of which office he performed with great ability and impartiality until 1842, when he resigned. He was elected to serve in parliament for Buckingham in 1827, and continued to represent that place through six successive parliaments, when in 1846 he was appointed chairman of the board of customs, which office he still retains. During his parliamentary career he very ably filled the several offices of secretary to the treasury under two administrations, secretary for war, and chief-secretary for Ireland. He was held in much esteem by his political associates. During the five years preceding the general election of 1841, which determined the fate of Lord Melbourne's government. Sir Thomas performed the laborious duty of "whipper-in" to "her majesty's opposition," under the late Sir Robert Peel's leadership in the house of commons; and having successfully exerted himself to convert a minority into a majority, he was presented by "the conservative members of the house of commons" with a magnificent candelabrum, in remembrance of the decisive division of the 5th June, 1841, and "as a token of their friendship for his person, their esteem for his character, and their gratitude for his exertions." Though conservative by birth and political associations. Sir Thomas Fremantle has given ample evidence of the large liberality of his principles in his administrative acts as the head of a great public department. Those who were acquainted with the time-honoured but restrictive usages of the customs, now superseded by increased facilities for the despatch of business, can alone appreciate the enlightened system by which the board of customs has been governed during the fourteen years that Sir Thomas Fremantle has presided over their deliberations. The late Sir Robert Peel's acknowledged discernment in the choice of public men was fully exemplified in this instance, and, when afterwards referring to it, he emphatically observed that Sir Thomas was one of the most efficient men of business he ever knew. Sir Thomas is a privy councillor, and also a baron of the Austrian empire. He received the permission of King George IV. to bear the arms and assume the title of baron in this country, in acknowledgment of the distinguished services of his father, with remainder to his issue.—F. J. H.
* FREMONT, John Charles, an eminent American explorer, was born on the 21st of January, 1813, at Savannah in the state of Georgia. His father was a Frenchman, who, it has been said, was taken prisoner by the English during a voyage to the Antilles, and escaping, sought a temporary refuge in the United States, of which, marrying a fair Virginian, he became a permanent denizen. The elder Fremont died, leaving his wife in indifferent circumstances, and with four children; the future explorer being at the time in his fifth year. The widow Fremont, in spite of her poverty, gave her son a good education. He entered in 1828 the junior class of the college at Charleston, South Carolina, where his mother had settled after the death of her husband; and his intellectual quickness and industry were such, that he graduated at seventeen, a fact on which his American biographers lay stress. On leaving college, he supported himself and his mother for a time by giving lessons in mathematics, and then obtained employment as a government-surveyor in connection with the corps of topographical engineers. In 1838 he was associated with the Frenchman Nicolet in a survey commissioned by the government to supplement the latter's amateur exploration of the region of the Upper Mississippi, and Fremont's career was now determined; he conceived a longing to bring within the domain of geographical science the regions of the furthest west. After spending the years 1838 and 1839 in the survey of which Nicolet was the conductor, Fremont repaired to Washington to aid in executing the maps, &c., delineating their explorations. Here he made the acquaintance of the well-known Missouri senator, Benton, with one of whose daughters he fell in love. He had been appointed in the meantime a second lieutenant of the topographical engineers; but Senator Benton appears to have refused his consent to the match, which was effected in 1841 under rather romantic circumstances, it is said. In the following year, and according to some accounts, at his own suggestion, he received instructions to explore and report upon the all but unknown country between the frontiers
