was not published until three years after his death, when it appeared with a French translation, &c., in prose, by De Piles, who had submitted his version to the revisal of the author. Several other French versions or adaptations of it have since been published. In 1695 Dryden stole two months from his translation of Virgil, to throw off an English prose translation of Du Fresnoy's poem, to which was added, by way of preface, an ingenious—"Parallel of Poetry and Painting," the work of twelve mornings. A new edition of Dryden's translation was published in 1716, revised and corrected by Jervas the painter, and friend of Pope, the later prefixing to it a graceful epistle in verse. An English translation in wretched blank verse, by a Mr. Wills, a painter, appeared in 1754, and was followed in 1783 by another in rhyme from the pen of Mason, the biographer of Gray. To this version Sir Joshua Reynolds appended some sensible and practical annotations. Voltaire dismisses Du Fresnoy and the "De Arte Graphicâ" in a few contemptuous lines, but the poem deserves a place among the curiosities of literature.—F. E.
FRESNY, Ch. Riviere du. See Dufresny.
FRETEAU DE ST.-JUST, Emmanuel-Marie-Michel-Philippe, a French magistrate and politician, was born in 1745, and died in 1794. He succeeded M. de Barentin in parliament, and distinguished himself by the boldness and independence of his political conduct. He was, consequently, first imprisoned and then exiled, but was restored to his seat in parliament in 1788. In the following year he was deputed to the states-general, and was subsequently twice chosen president of the constituent assembly. Freteau, notwithstanding his hatred of corrupt government, was sincerely attached to the monarchy; and being more than suspicious of the temper of the times, he withdrew from political life, and retired to his estate of Vaux le Pény, where he fell a victim to the fury of the revolutionary club of Melun.—R. M., A.
* FREUND, Wilhelm, born in 1805 at Kemfen in the grand duchy of Posen. Freund is of a Jewish family, and in 1828 set up a school for Jewish pupils at Breslau; was afterwards professor at the college there. In 1851 he went to reside in England. He is chiefly known by his Latin dictionary—four volumes folio, Breslau, 1834-1845—and school editions of the classics, published at Berlin.—J. A., D.
FREY, Jacob, a celebrated Swiss engraver of the eighteenth century, was borne at Lucerne in 1681. He was brought up to engraving, and went early to Rome, where he became the assistant of Arnold Westerhout, who introduced him to Carlo Maratta, of whom Frey became the pupil in order to advance himself in the knowledge of drawing. He executed a plate for Maratta of "Hercules and the Serpent" after Annibale Carracci, with which the Roman painter was greatly delighted, both from its style of execution, and from its artistic merit. Frey produced a great deal of his effect with the needle, which was not usual at that time. He became the best engraver in Rome, and produced plates of many of the most celebrated pictures preserved in that capital of the arts; as the Altoviti portrait by Raphael; a Holy Family by the same painter; St. Jerome, and the Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, after Domenichino; the St. Petronilla of Guercino; St. Romualdo after Sacchi; the Bacchus and the Aurora after Guido; besides many other good plates after Annibal Carracci, Cignani, Carlo Maratta, and others, altogether to the number of about eighty. A favourite subject with Frey, was the Aurora of the Rospigliosi palace, of which there is a more recent plate by Raphael Morghen, but the print of Frey (1722) is executed with more grace and freedom than that of Morghen; the whole composition is beautifully drawn, and the "Hours" have a surprising degree of buoyancy and motion; the accessories of the landscape are not so careful, but the effect of the composition in its essential parts rather gains than otherwise by this. Frey died at Rome in 1752. Gandellini speaks in high terms of Frey, and his life has been published by his countryman, J. G. Fuessly.—R. N. W.
FREY, Johann Cecil (in Latin, Janus Cæcilius), a German physician and philosopher, was born at Kaiserstuhl in Baden about 1580, and died of the plague at Paris in 1631. He applied himself zealously to the study of philosophy, and coming to Paris was appointed professor at the college Montaigu. It was after this that he studied medicine, and was admitted to the degree of doctor in that faculty. Frey used to boast that he was the first person in Europe who maintained philosophical theses in Greek. His writings were published after his death in a collected edition by his friend J. Balesdens.—R. M., A.
FREYBERG, Maximilian Procop Freiherr von, a German historical writer, was born at Freising, 3rd January, 1789; and died at Munich, 21st January, 1851. He studied the law at Landshut, and was successively raised to high posts in the administrative service of Bavaria. Almost all of his numerous writings refer to Bavarian history and jurisprudence; his novels have never attained to popularity.—K. E.
FREYCINET, Loris Claude Desaulses de, born in 1779, arid his elder brother Henri, entered the French navy at an early age; the war with England gave them speedy promotion and active employment till the close of the century. They were then attached to the expedition which sailed under Baudin in 1800 to explore the coasts of Australia and Van Diemen's Land. Much of the survey was executed by Louis in a small vessel called La Casuarina, and the services which he rendered procured for him, after his return in 1804, the command of the brig VoItigeur; but his health compelled him to seek for some years a quieter, though not less useful occupation, in preparing the maps and charts of the previous voyage. In 1817 he again visited the Pacific for scientific purposes in command of the Uranie; and in returning was shipwrecked on one of the Falkland islands, from which, by the aid of some American vessels, he regained France, having saved the most valuable results of the expedition. His later years were employed in publishing the "Voyage autour du monde," in thirteen volumes; and a new edition of his former "Voyage des decouvertes aux Terres Australes." He died in 1842, a year or so after his brother Henri, who had also risen high in the profession.—W. B.
FREYRE, Manuel, a Spanish general, born in Andalusia about 1765. He early embraced the military career, gave proofs of his bravery in the wars against the French in 1793-95, and was named a major-general in 1798. He covered Cuesta's retreat after the battle of Talavera. In 1811 he followed Godinot's division from Gibraltar to Seville, inflicting considerable losses, which were supposed to have led to the suicide of the French general on the day after his arrival at Seville. As commander of the third division of cavalry, Freyre took part in the capture of Irun and St. Martial, and greatly aided in gaining the battle of San Sebastian, the crossing of the Bidassoa, and the battles of Orthez and Toulouse. After Ballestero's dismissal he was appointed minister of war. In 1820 he commanded the troops which marched from Madrid to suppress the insurrection of the Isla de Leon. As governor of Cadiz, he issued a proclamation on the 9th of March, promising on the following day to announce the acceptance of the constitution by the king. He did probably endeavour to gain the king's assent to it; but when the populace assembled on the 10th, expecting the fulfilment of his promise, they were fired on with the utmost brutality by the soldiers, who, says Alison, "massacred them without mercy, and abandoned themselves to all the atrocities usual in a town taken by assault." Freyre was deprived of his command; but the general belief was that he had been in some degree the author of these cruelties. He lived in retirement till 1833, when, on the death of Ferdinand, he gave in his adhesion to the cause of the queen. He died in 1834.—F. M. W.
FREYTAG, Friedrich Gotthelf, a literary historian of much celebrity, born at Schulpforten in 1723. His father was a schoolmaster, highly esteemed by Ernesti for his learning. He pursued the study of the law, and succeeded in the course of time to municipal honours in the town of Nuremberg, where he became burgomaster, and died in 1776. But little is known of his personal history, though his works, more particularly his "Analecta literaria," are of the highest value to bibliographers. He had a rare judgment in discriminating the value of scarce and curious books.—R. D. B.
FREYTAG, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, a celebrated Oriental scholar, born at Luneburg in 1788, and educated at the university of Göttingen, where he became a professor in 1811. As almoner to the Prussian army he took part in the concluding campaigns between Prussia and France. On the establishment of peace, the Prussian government sent him to reside in Paris in order to prosecute the study of Oriental literature. In 1819 he was appointed professor of that faculty in Bonn. His most celebrated work is an Arabic and Latin lexicon in four volumes. He published many other works chiefly on Oriental literature, and was the author of an excellent Hebrew grammar.—R. D. B.
* FREYTAG, Gustav, a distinguished German dramatist,
