aristocratic emigrants, to take service in the army of the prince of Condé. At the disbanding of this corps, he succeeded in obtaining a brevet as colonel in the Austrian army, and during the successive wars of the empire rose to the rank of field-marshal. He obtained in 1812 the command of the Austrian army in Poland, and in 1814 the governorship of Upper Italy, out of which he succeeded in driving the French in less than two months. Crossing the Alps, he then entered France, taking Grenoble on the 9th, and Lyons on the 11th of July, and afterwards commanding the army of occupation which held the country after the departure of Napoleon. In 1821 he headed the Austrian army of intervention in Naples, defeated the insurgents, and secured the tottering throne of the Bourbons. King Ferdinand presented him with two hundred and twenty thousand ducats, and the title of Prince of Antrodocco. The general then returned to Lombardy, and afterwards to Vienna, where he died of cholera, December 26, 1831.—F. M.
FRISCH, Johann Leonhard, a German philologist, was born at Sulzbach, near Aschaffenburg, in 1666. After extensive wanderings he obtained a mastership in the Graue Kloster at Berlin, where he died in 1743. He was author of the once celebrated "Grammatica Marchica Græca," of a German-French and a German-Latin dictionary, and several learned treatises. He published also histories of German insects and German birds, the latter completed by his son.—K. E.
FRISCHLIN, Nicodemus, a German author, better known by his adventures than by his writings, was born at Balingen on the 22nd September, 1547. He was educated at Tubingen, where, when not much more than twenty, he was appointed a professor. His brilliant talents and his popularity excited the jealousy of his colleagues, and made his position an uncomfortable one, but perhaps his lawless and turbulent character was no less to blame. He wrote six or seven comedies; having recited one of these—"Rebecca"—before Maximilian II., the emperor crowned him as poet, and afterwards conferred on him the title of Count Palatine. These honours may not have been very wisely or modestly worn, and may have embittered the pedants whom Frischlin had already exasperated by his talents, and his fierce, unsparing satire. At all events his position at Tubingen having become altogether intolerable, he accepted, in 1582, an invitation to Laybach, as the superintendent of a school, but returned after two years to Tubingen, which in 1586 he finally left. Wandering about from city to city, sometimes busy teaching, always busy with his pen, he at last fixed on Mentz as a residence. But here he was not permitted to dwell in peace, as indeed he was not much inclined to let others live in peace. Experiencing some difficulty in the disposal of his wife's fortune for some literary purpose, he wrote letters to the duke of Wurtemberg and to the emperor, furiously accusing certain persons as the cause of the obstacles which he had encountered. Thereupon, in April, 1590, he was apprehended as a libelist, and condemned to imprisonment in the fortress of Hohenurach. Finding his supplications for release vain, he attempted, on the night of the 29th November, to escape, but the rope which he had made out of his bedclothes, and with which he was letting himself down from his dungeon, broke under his weight, and he was dashed to pieces on the rocks. He is esteemed one of the best modern Latin poets, having produced, besides satires and comedies, elegies, tragedies, and epics. As a grammarian and critic he also excelled. In that remarkable series of biographies of gifted but erratic and exceptional men, of which David Strauss is the author, and which includes Schubart, Marklin, and Ulrick von Hutten, Frischlin also figures.—W. M—l.
FRISI, Paolo, a celebrated astronomer of the eighteenth century, who was born at Milan in 1727. He entered the Barnabite order at the age of sixteen, and there studied both philosophy and mathematics. He made rapid progress, and in 1755, when twenty-eight years old, he was able to publish a work on the figure and dimensions of the earth, which obtained him the honour of being elected a corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Science in Paris. He was appointed professor of philosophy, first at Lodi, then at Casale di Monferrato, and afterwards at Milan. He wrote a dissertation on the theory of electricity, which was rewarded by a prize in the Academy of Berlin. A second one, on the diurnal motion of the earth, was equally welcomed by the scientific world; and his Latin papers, "De inequalitate motus planetarum omnium," and "De atmosphera corporum celestium," met with like success. He was called to the chair of ethics and mathematics at Pisa, where he remained for nine years, after which he returned to Milan, and there he taught in the Scuole Palatine. On a scientific journey to Paris and London, he became acquainted with D'Alembert, Condorcet, Cassini, Chaperin, &c., and enlarged the sphere of his knowledge. On his return to Milan, he took a part in the compilation of the periodical Il Caffe, which was edited by men like Verri and Beccaria; and through this he got into trouble with his ecclesiastical superiors. He then withdrew from society, and took refuge in solitude and study. He was thus enabled to accomplish his great work on "Cosmography," to which he owes his European reputation. Frisi applied himself also to hydraulics, and was usefully consulted on the execution of works dependent on that branch of mathematics, by the Venetian and the Austrian governments. He was highly esteemed by foreigners, and admitted into the principal academies of science in Europe. In his private character, though a man of open and generous heart, his vanity led him to quarrel on many occasions with his rivals or opponents. In the latter part of his life he rearranged all his writings, distributing them into three volumes, the first of which contained his "Algebra," the second "Mechanics," and the third "Cosmography." He died in 1784, and was buried in the Barnabite college of Sant Alessandro in Milan, where Count Verri, who had been faithfully attached to him, raised at his private expense a modest monument to his memory.—A. S., O.
FRISIUS. See Fries.
FRITH, John, an eminent English reformer, was the son of Richard Frith, an innkeeper at Sevenoaks in Kent, where he was born about the beginning of the sixteenth century. He studied at Cambridge and Oxford, where "he so greatly profited in learning that scarcely in his time there might be any found equal unto him; and unto his great knowledge and learning were adjoined such an honest conversation and godliness of life that it was hard to judge in whether of them he was more commendable." At Cambridge he had for his tutor Stephen Gardiner, afterwards bishop of Winchester, and there he took his B.A. degree; but he was soon afterwards appointed by Cardinal Wolsey to a canonry in his new college of St. Frideswyde in Oxford, afterwards called Christ church. Soon afterwards the Greek Testament of Erasmus and the Latin tracts of Luther began to find their way into Oxford, and Frith was one of a considerable number of young members of the university who fell under suspicion of Lutheranism, and were imprisoned in an unwholesome vault, where several of them died. After being liberated by command of Wolsey, he repaired to London, where he became acquainted with William Tyndale, by whom he was taught "the way of God more perfectly," and whom he followed to Germany in 1528 to share his exile and his labours in the translation of the scriptures. He resided with Tyndale for several years at Marburg and other places, where he wrote and published several works of eminent merit. One of these was "The Revelation of Anti-Christ," translated from the German; another was his "Deputation of Purgatory," in three books—the first containing an answer to Rastell, son-in-law of Sir Thomas More; the second, against Sir Thomas More himself; and the third against Fisher, bishop of Rochester. Having been compelled by want of money to return to England, he ere long fell into the hands of Sir Thomas More, who caused him to be imprisoned in the Tower. While he lay in the Tower he carried on the war with undiminished energy against his adversaries, in another book against Rastell—named the subsidy or bulwark to his first book—and in "A Book made by John Frith, prisoner in the Tower of London, answering unto More's letter which he wrote against the first little treatise that John Frith made concerning 'The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ.'" He also wrote several excellent tracts of a practical kind for the edification of his protestant brethren, including "A Letter unto the faithful followers of Christ's Gospel," 1532; "A Mirror or Glass to Know thyself," 1532; "A Mirror or Looking-glass wherein you may behold the Sacrament of Baptism described," 1533. He was examined before the bishops of London, Winchester, and Lincoln, at St. Paul's, in June, 1533; "and after sentence was given against him by the bishop of London," he was committed to Newgate, and "from thence carried into Smithfield, the 4th day of July, 1533, where, with great patience and constancy, he suffered that most helly and cruel death of burning; and when
