After residing in Mexico for some time, and having abandoned his scheme of visiting as a missionary the Philippine islands, he successively laboured at Chispat, Guatemala, and Amatitlan. In the course of his residence in New Spain he amassed a considerable sum of money, with which it was his intention to provide for himself a comfortable home in England. He quitted Amatitlan 7th January, 1637, twenty-four years from the date of his departure from England. He arrived safely, but without his money; the ship in which he made his passage having been boarded by corsairs. His father was now dead; the old man's will had been silent on the subject of the renegade priest; for obvious reasons he was wholly unable to make himself known to some of his relations, and was with difficulty recognized by any; and to make his plight altogether hopeless, he began to have doubts respecting the whole system of catholicism. Eventually, about 1642, having preached a recantation sermon in St. Paul's, London, he attached himself to the parliamentary party, and obtained, it is said, the living of Deal in Kent. The date of his death has not been recorded. His "New Survey of the West Indies," so frequently quoted by Southey in the notes to Madoc, was published in 1648, and, translated by order of Colbert into French, has been often reprinted on the continent.—J. S., G.
GAGE, Thomas, an English general, and governor of Massachusetts at the commencement of the American revolution. In 1760 he was appointed governor of Montreal, and on the departure of General Amherst, in 1763, he succeeded him as the commander-in-chief of the British forces in America. In 1774 he was nominated governor of Massachusetts, and was charged with the execution of the Boston Port bill and other harsh measures of the British government. The Americans armed themselves to defend their rights, and a collision soon took place between them and the British forces. On the 18th of April, 1775, General Gage sent a detachment of troops to seize a quantity of military stores which were deposited at Concord, a town about twenty miles from Boston. On their march they were attacked by the Americans at Lexington, and with some difficulty and considerable loss made good their retreat. This encounter has always been regarded as the beginning of the American revolutionary war. On the 12th of June General Gage issued a proclamation, offering a fall pardon to all who would lay down their arms, excepting only Samuel Adams and John Hancock, and threatening martial law; while the provincial congress, on the other hand, declared him to be the inveterate enemy of the country. A few days later (June 15th) the battle of Bunker's Hill was fought, and put an end to all hopes of peace. Gage was superseded by Lord Howe, and embarked for England in October following. He died in 1787. His military talents were not of a high order.—J. T.
GAGERN, Friedrich Baldwin von, a Dutch general, the eldest son of Hans Chr. Ernest, baron von Gagern, was born October 24, 1794, at Weilburg, in the duchy of Nassau. He received his early education at home, and at seventeen entered the university of Göttingen, which, however, he was forced to quit after little more than eighteen months, on account of the frequent duels which he was in the habit of provoking. The professors, half sarcastically, counselled him to devote himself to the military service, which advice he followed in good earnest by becoming a pupil of the ecole polytechnique of Paris. After going through a short course of instruction, he enrolled himself as volunteer in the Austrian army, taking part in the Russian campaign, and in the succeeding battles of Dresden, Kulm, and Leipsic. He then exchanged into the Dutch army, being named adjutant to General Perponcher. As such he had the honour of coming into personal contact with the duke of Wellington, whom he called away from Brussels to command at Quatre Bras. Peace having been restored, Gagern was left to the ordinary course of promotion, and in time became general in the army of the king of Holland. In 1848, being by mere accident and on a journey of recreation at Baden at the moment the first flames of revolution were breaking out, he consented, on the earnest demand of the ducal government, to take the command of the troops. In this capacity he had an interview with Hecker, the leader of the insurgents, during which, in some as yet unexplained manner, he was killed at the village of Kandern, April 20. This fatal event gave for the time a tragic celebrity to the name of Gagern, he being represented as the first martyr in the cause of order against anarchy. However, after a long and angry controversy on the subject between the newspapers of the democratic and conservative parties, it appears now tolerably well established that the death of the general was entirely owing to a misunderstanding on the part of the insurgents.—F. M.
GAGERN, Hans Christoph Ernst, Baron von, an eminent German statesman and political writer, was born of an ancient and noble family at Klein-Niedesheim, near Worms, January 25, 1766. He devoted himself to the study of law and politics at the universities of Leipsic and Göttingen, and entered the service of the duke of Nassau. Here he showed himself so bitter a censor of the French revolution, that, on the invasion of the duke's territories by the French, he had to seek safety in flight. After the peace of Luneville he was appointed ambassador of the house of Nassau at Paris, where he did excellent service to his sovereign. When, however, by the Rheinbund the German princes sunk into the vassalage of the great conqueror, he retired from office, and resorted to southern Germany, in order to promote the war of liberation against Napoleon and the insurrection of Tyrol. But his endeavours were not attended with success. He therefore gladly accepted a mission from the elector of Hesse to Sweden and England, and only returned to Germany after the downfall of Napoleon. He was now nominated by the king of the Netherlands minister-plenipotentiary to the Vienna congress, where he played a conspicuous part, as representative of the views of the smaller principalities of Germany, and particularly of their repugnance to the scheme of federation. Through all the vicissitudes of his political career, Gagern preserved the disinterestedness and purity of his character, and as a true patriot and an enlightened statesman of steady liberal principles, commanded the respect of all parties. It was chiefly owing to his exertions that, by the second peace of Paris, those works of art, of which the French had spoiled all Europe, were restored to their lawful owners. From 1816-18 Gagern acted as Dutch ambassador to the German diet, and in 1820 was elected a member of the states of Hesse-Darmstadt. He subsequently lived in complete retirement, although to the last taking a lively interest in the public affairs of the nation, and addressing them as late as 1848 in a well-meant pamphlet on the political crisis. He died at his seat of Hornau, Nassau, October 22, 1852. His political opinions are preserved in a number of works, amongst which we note—"Resultate der Sittengeschichte," "Nationalgeschichte der Deutschen," and "Mein Antheil an der Politik."—K. E.
* GAGERN, Heinrich Wilhelm August, Freiherr von, son of Hans Christoph, an eminent German statesman, was born at Baireuth, 20th August, 1799. He was educated in the military academy at Munich, served against Napoleon, and took part in the battle of Waterloo. After the restoration of peace he completed his studies at Heidelberg, Göttingen, and Jena, where he distinguished himself as one of the originators of the so-called Burschenschaft. He then entered the administrative service of Hesse-Darmstadt, where in 1832 he was elected a deputy to the diet, and from that moment began his political warfare against government. From his father he inherited a strong bias for constitutional government, and by his manly independence and upright adherence to the constitution, soon attracted to himself a party devoted to liberal principles. He was, therefore, removed from office, and retired to his paternal estate of Monsheim, where with great energy he occupied himself in agricultural pursuits. In 1847 he was re-elected to the diet, and in the spring of 1848, when the German governments had recourse to liberal reforms in order to avert threatened revolution, he was called to the head of the ministry, 5th March. Soon after he was not only chosen a deputy to the Frankfurt national assembly, but even elected to its presidential chair. His inaugural address was hailed with universal applause. No name was more popular, no authority more universally recognized than his. Resigning his ministerial post at Darmstadt, he now took the lead of the German parliament, and the reins of the revolution were, as it were, intrusted to his hands. Never, perhaps, did a character of greater disinterestedness, higher patriotism, and purer mould stand at the head of a revolutionary movement. Even his political enemies could not refrain from acknowledging the sterling worth of his private character; but his very virtues proved fatal to the success of the revolution. He was a reformer, instead of a revolutionist, and endeavoured to reconcile the different political parties, and to divert the overflowing stream of revolution into the channel of reform. His most energetic measure was the election of the Archduke John as vicar of the empire, without the concurrence of the governments, a measure which he himself characterized as a "bold
