born at Bury St. Edmund's in 1483. He became a student of Trinity hall, Cambridge, and distinguished himself in the various branches of learning, especially law. In 1520 he was elevated to the mastership of his college. While holding this situation he became secretary to Wolsey, by whom he was soon brought within the circle of royal patronage, though the cardinal in the end began to distrust him. At this period he was usually called Doctor Stevens, or Stephens, but the name was no colloquial vulgarism, as has been alleged; for, speaking of a publication of one of his opponents, he calls it "a booke wherein he wrote how Doctor Stevens (by whiche name I was then called) had deceyved him." Gardiner was sent to Italy in 1527 to secure, if possible, the consent of the pope to the divorce of Catherine of Arragon. He failed, however, in his embassy; but on his return was employed to conduct the process against the queen. The archdeaconries of Norwich and Leicester were given him in succession; he was appointed secretary of state; and in November, 1531, was installed bishop of Winchester. He had already signed the queen's divorce; and when the king had abjured the pope's supremacy, and declared himself head of the church in England, Gardiner heartily supported him, and published a tractate in vindication—"De vera obedientia." He undertook in the following years various missions to the continent, being all the while sharply set against any religious or ecclesiastical change in England. He had the ear of the monarch, and several reformers were sentenced to execution. The "bloody statute of the six articles," by which the denial of the real presence, mass, confession, and celibacy was punished with death, was enacted principally through his counsels, and it was carried out rigidly by his co-operation. After the fall of Cromwell, Gardiner rose yet higher in the royal favour, and helped the king to divorce Anne of Cleves—being afraid of any connection between the English sovereign and the reforming princes of Germany. His attempt to prove a charge of heresy against Cranmer failed, and the king seems to have become suspicious of him as an ambitious and unscrupulous intriguer. His famous attempt against Queen Catherine Parr, on account of her supposed reforming tendencies, was so skilfully counterworked by the queen herself, that it suddenly and fatally recoiled on its promoter. Messengers had been placed in waiting for her apprehension; but in the crisis she managed so to soothe and satisfy her capricious husband, that Gardiner fell at once into disgrace. When Edward VI. ascended the throne, Gardiner remained faithful to his convictions, and, of course, was prosecuted and imprisoned in the Fleet. At the amnesty, proclaimed a year after Edward's accession, he was released; but for a sermon preached on St. Peters day, he was sent to the Tower. After a tedious and protracted trial, or rather a series of conferences drawn out to twenty-two "sessions," he was deprived of his bishopric, and kept in confinement. On the accession of Mary in 1553 he was released, reinstated in his bishopric, and made chancellor of the realm. His power was unbounded over the nation and in the royal household. Now he could enjoy his triumph over his former foes, and he did enjoy it. The fires of persecution were heated sevenfold, and if he did not fan them, he stood by and more than applauded their ravages. Ridley and Latimer, and many others, were sent to the stake. He seems to have come at length to loathe the work of blood, as it was failing to accomplish the intended result, and he handed it over to the zeal and ferocity of Bonner. Gardiner died on the 12th of November, 1555, without having obtained what were alleged to be the two great objects of his ambition—a cardinal's hat and the see of Canterbury. The scene of his deathbed is painted in dark colours; he is reported to have cried—"Erravi cum Petro, sed non flevi cum Petro" (I have sinned with Peter, but I have not wept with Peter). According to the report of one who knew him, Gardiner had "a swart colour, hanging look, frowning brows, eyes an inch within his head, a nose hooked like a buzzard," &c. Gardiner stands out second only to Wolsey. "Wiley Winchester," as Foxe calls him, was a busy and cunning plotter, no great or self-consistent theologian even in a catholic sense, but a consummate casuist, well versed in canon law; ever eager for preferment at all hazards; bold unscrupulous, and vindictive; a true man of the world, with the tact and versatility of a courtier, but wanting that moral balance and unselfish devotedness which belong to the ideal of a Roman catholic saint or ecclesiastic. Besides his treatise "On obedience," he wrote portions of the book called Necessary Doctrine, which promulgates not a little of protestant truth, with a tenacious adherence to Roman catholic ceremonial and discipline; also some minor works, such as those against George Joye, 1546, and "A Detection of the Devil's Sophistrie," 1546; and especially an "Explication and Assertion of the True Catholique Fayth, touching the most blessed Sacrament of the Aultar," 1551, which has been reprinted by the Parker Society along with Cranmer's answer.—J. E.
GARDNER, Alan, Lord Uttoxeter, a British admiral; born 12th April, 1742, at Uttoxeter in Staffordshire; died at Bath in 1809. Gardner entered as a midshipman on board the Medway on 1st May, 1755, and from that time till 1762, when he attained the rank of commander, he was constantly engaged in active service. Having been appointed post-captain in 1766, he commanded the Preston, 50, on the Jamaica station. During the war with the United States (1773-84) he had in succession the command of the Maidstone frigate and of the Sultan, 74, in which latter vessel he took part under Byron in the naval action off Granada in 1779. On the 12th April, 1782, when Rodney's fleet encountered the French near the West Indies, Captain Gardner's ship the Duke, 98, was the first which broke through the enemy's line. In 1790 he was appointed a lord of the admiralty, and in the same year he had a seat in parliament as member for Plymouth. He was promoted to be rear-admiral of the white in 1793, and received the chief command on the Leeward Island station. Unsuccessful in an attack on Martinico, 11th June, 1793, he recovered his laurels next year in the great naval victory gained by the British fleet under Lord Howe. For his services on that occasion Gardner received a baronetcy, and was appointed major-general of marines. In 1796 he was member of parliament for Westminster. He exerted himself, but not with good effect, to put a stop to the dangerous mutiny which, on the 15th April, 1797, broke out in the fleet at Spithead. Sir Alan, who was of an ancient family in Ireland, was in 1800 created a peer of that kingdom, but afterwards he was raised to the British peerage as Baron Uttoxeter. He was member of parliament a second time for Westminster in 1802. In 1807 he was appointed to the command of the Channel fleet, but this post his failing health did not long allow him to retain.—R. V. C.
GARDNER, George, an eminent Scottish botanist, was born in Glasgow in 1812, and died at Neuera Ellia in Ceylon, on March 10, 1849. He studied medicine at Glasgow, and became a licentiate of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of that city. He early devoted his attention to natural history, and specially to botany. Sir William Hooker, at that time professor of botany in Glasgow, was struck with Gardner's zeal and enthusiasm, and gave him the opportunity of prosecuting botany by the consultation of his excellent herbarium and library. He published a pocket herbarium, entitled "Musci Britannici." In 1836 he left England in order to explore the flora of South America, his expedition being patronized by Sir William Hooker, the duke of Bedford, and several other subscribers. He first visited Rio Janeiro, and explored the Corcovado and Organ mountain ranges. He sent home a large collection of plants from these districts. In 1837 he went to Pernambuco and Aracaty, and subsequently he proceeded to the inland provinces of Ceara and Piauhy. He crossed the Serra Geral near Arrayas, and visited the province of Minas Geraes and the Diamond district. From all these quarters he transmitted valuable plants. Returning to Rio Janeiro in 1840 he again explored the Organ mountains before taking his departure for Britain. In July, 1841, he reached Liverpool, after an absence of five years and two months, during which period his collection amounted to upwards of six thousand species of phanerogamous plants. The account of his tour was published in an octavo volume under the title of "Travels in the interior of Brazil." He published various papers in the London Journal of Botany, and described many new genera. In 1842 he commenced an enumeration and description of the plants he had collected. This, however, he was unable to complete. In 1843 he published a "Sertum Plantarum" in conjunction with Mr. Fielding, in which many new plants were figured and described. In September, 1843, he was appointed superintendent of the botanic garden of Ceylon, on the recommendation of Sir William Hooker. On his arrival there he immediately commenced the preparation of materials for a flora of Ceylon. He visited the Neilgherry mountains in company with Dr. Wight, and made himself acquainted with the Indian flora. During five years he continued to collect mate-
