1808; and especially his "Marriage of Napoleon and Marie Louise." Garnier's later paintings were mostly of a religious class, being taken either from events recorded in the scriptures or the legends of the saints. Chief of this class is the "Christ giving speech to the Dumb," an altarpiece painted in 1831 for the Chapelle des Sourds-Muets in Paris. Another is called "La Dévotion aux âmes du Purgatoire." Garnier also painted some portraits—that of Napoleon I., painted in 1803, heading the list. Garnier was elected a member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts at its reconstitution in 1816, and in 1819 received the cross of the legion of honour. He died November 15, 1849.—J. T—e.
GARNIER, Germain, Comte, a statesman and a man of letters, born at Auxerre, 8th November, 1754; died at Paris, 4th October, 1821. During the struggles of the Revolution he was a member of the club des impartiaux or club monarchique, and he retired with other royalists after the 10th August, 1792, to the district of Vaud. He reappeared in public life in 1797 as a member of the directory. In 1800 he was prefect of the Seine and Oise, in 1804 he was a senator, and in 1809-1811 he held the office of president of the senate. He took his seat in the chamber of peers at the restoration in 1814, and after the Hundred Days he was appointed a minister of state, and member of the privy council. His first literary attempt was the anonymous publication of some poems, which attracted considerable notice at the time. But his principal works are upon political economy, viz., "Abrégé elémentaire des principes de l'economie politique," 1796; "Histoire de la monnaie depuis les temps de la plus haute antiquité jusqu'au regne de Charlemagne," 1819; and "Proprieté dans ses rapports avec le droit politique," 1792. He is favourably known as a translator from the English; his edition of Smith's Wealth of Nations, 1802, being still considered the best.—R. V. C.
GARNIER, Jean, a learned French jesuit, esteemed one of the most accomplished casuists of his age, was born at Paris in 1612, and died at Bologna, when on his way to Rome, in 1681. Various colleges of his order enjoyed the benefit of his scholarly labours; but he was best known as professor of theology in the college of Clermont at Paris, where he taught for the long period of twenty-six years. The last ten years of his life were spent in the revision and preparation of learned dissertations in theology and ecclesiastical history.—J. S., G.
GARNIER, Jean Jacques, born at Gorron, near Mayenne, in 1729; died at Saint Germain-en-Laye in 1805. It is said that Garnier, having determined to try his fortune in Paris, found himself there with but twenty-four sous in his pocket. He made his way to the college d'Harcourt. He followed the crowd of students who were going to their respective classes, and soon found himself alone in the square round which the college was built. One of the masters there conversed with him, saw his zeal for letters, and was enabled by the constitution of the place to provide him with a chamber and food as a poor scholar. In due time he took minor orders in the church. A few years afterwards he was presented to the duc de la Vrillière, who employed him to write a book, to be published in the name of one of the duke's protegés. Garnier wrote the book, and was paid for his trouble by being given a professorship of Hebrew. The next year an essay of his was "crowned," as it is called, by the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-lettres. He soon after became a member of the Academy. In 1768 he was appointed inspector of the royal college. The professors were badly paid, and did their business as badly-paid men will. Garnier recommended a new distribution of the funds, which enabled the government not only to correct the evil mentioned, but to create two new chairs—one of natural law, and one of moral philosophy. In 1790 Garnier, though never a zealous royalist, refused the oaths which the convention sought to impose upon the clergy, and he left the college as poor a man as when he first went there. He found a retreat in the college of Cholets, where he lived for ten years, chiefly on bread and rice. Even with this he could no longer afford to supply himself, and he accepted the shelter which a generous man who resided near Marly, M. De Mesmes, offered him. The government, through the instrumentality of Lalande, gave him a pension of twelve hundred livres. On the reorganization of the Institute he was named member of the class of history and literature, and in the same year placed on the commission "des travaux historiques." He published several tracts on history and antiquities.—J. A., D.
GARNIER, Robert, born at La Ferté-Bernard in 1534; died at Mans in 1590; studied law at Toulouse; obtained a prize for poetry at the floral games, which fixed his fate; for though he went to Paris and sought practice as an avocat, his fame as a poet obstructed his path, and deprived him of any chance of success. He was given some magisterial appointment at Mans. Garnier had the reputation of being an earnest and active partisan at a period when political and religious party raged furiously; but, strange to say, the record which states his zeal has failed to tell us on which side it was exerted. Poems of his have been published, for which the great libraries of France have been searched, but they cannot be found anywhere. Several tragedies of his still exist.—J. A., D.
GARNIER-PAGÈS, Etienne Joseph Louis, born at Marseilles in 1801, was the posthumous child of Jean François Garnier, a naval surgeon. His mother in a few years became the wife of M. Simon Pagès, a teacher in that city, and bore to him a son, Louis Antoine Garnier-Pagès (noticed below). The family afterwards removed to Paris; but there, as well as at Marseilles, the poverty of their parents entailed upon the two young men serious difficulties, through which they struggled honourably into distinction and influence. Etienne, after serving as a clerk in several mercantile establishments, turned his attention to the study of law, and acquired celebrity as an advocate. Strongly attached to democratic principles, he opposed the retrograde policy of Charles X., took part in the revolution which gave the throne to Louis Philippe, and sat on the extreme left in the chamber of deputies, where his familiarity with financial questions and his clear practical reasoning commanded attention, till his death in 1841.—W. B.
* GARNIER-PAGÈS, Louis Antoine, younger brother of the preceding, born in 1805, carried on business prosperously as a commercial agent, and supported the popular party in the measures which brought about the revolution of 1830. On the death of Etienne he gave up his commercial pursuits, entered the chamber of deputies as representative of Verneuil, and acquired the reputation which procured for him, after the abdication of Louis Philippe, a place in the provisional government of Lamartine. He was one of the five members of the executive commission named by the national assembly; and when the republican government was overset he retired into private life. M. Garnier-Pagès in company with M. Desmarest, a Parisian advocate, attended the social science congress held in Glasgow in 1860, under the presidency of Lord Brougham, and as well as his friend took part in the business, and contributed a paper to the records of the association.—W. B.
GAROFALO, the name by which Benvenuto Tisio of Ferrara is commonly known, on account, it is said, of the flower, a clove pink, with which he was in the habit of marking his pictures. He was born near Ferrara in 1481, and after learning under several masters, more particularly Lorenzo Costa at Mantua, he became in 1508 the assistant of Raphael at Rome. Garofalo remained some years with Raphael, and seems to have given him complete satisfaction; for when family matters forced him to visit Ferrara, Raphael requested him to return to him. Garofalo was, however, detained at Ferrara and never went back to Rome. He became the capo-scuola or chief of the Ferrarese painters; he acquired much of the Roman school and has been called a Raphael in miniature. He was fond of treating his subjects on panels of small dimensions, and these are his best works. In larger compositions he was hard in his forms, too warm in his colouring, and too formal in his grouping. He was much employed at Ferrara, by Alfonso I. with the two Dossi, at Belriguardo, and other places. He died at Ferrara in 1559, having been blind the last few years of his life. The principal of his remaining works are the frescoes of San Francesco, 1519-24, and those of the Palazzo del Magistrato, at Ferrara. His pictures are not uncommon; there is a very fine example of his smaller works in the national gallery, representing the vision of St. Augustine.—(Vasari, Vite, &c.)—R. N. W.
GARRARD or GEERARDS, Marc, the name of two painters of Bruges, father and son, both of whom appear to have settled in England. The elder painted figures, animals, landscapes, architecture, and miniatures; and in 1566 published a set of ten etchings in illustration of Æsop's Fables. He was also a designer for glass paintings. He came to England, and died here about 1590. His son, the younger Garrard, probably came with him; he was born in 1561, came to England above 1580, and acquired a great reputation here as a portrait painter. He
