was able to dictate his admirable essay on patience. Garve's writings are distinguished by such clearness and accuracy of style, that he must be considered as a classical German prose-writer. In his Latin treatise, "De Ratione scribendi historiam philosophicam," Garve has laid down the true principles for a history of philosophy, which in his opinion should not merely consist in a narration of the lives and doctrines of the several philosophers, but rather in an exposition of the successive revolutions which have occurred to change the face of science and learning. Besides his original works, most of them of minor compass, Garve has particularly enriched German literature by a number of excellent translations from the Greek (Aristotle); the Latin (Cicero, De Officiis—perhaps his most famous work, undertaken at the request of Frederick the Great); and from the English (Burke, Adam Fergusson, Paley, and Adam Smith).—K. E.
GARZI, Lodovico, an Italian painter of great distinction at Rome in the seventeenth century. He was born at Pistoja in 1649, and became the scholar of Andrea Sacchi, with whom he was a favourite. Carlo Maratta and Garzi were the two principal painters in Rome after Sacchi, and used their utmost to counteract the influence of the so-called machinists, who had reduced the highest class of painting to mere decorative work, being led astray by the showy frescoes of Pietro da Cortona. Garzi belonged to the so-called academicians; the opposite party was led by Giro Ferri and Romanelli. Garzi painted also landscapes and architecture. His principal work is the cupola of the Cibo chapel in Santa Maria del Popolo at Rome. He died in 1721.—(Pascoli, Vite del Pittori, &c.)—R. N. W.
GARZONI, Tomaso, was born at Bagnacavallo in the Emilan provinces in March, 1549. He studied under Filippo d'Oriolo of Imola, and at the age of eleven years he composed a poem in ottava rima on the amusements of children. He went afterwards to Ferrara and Siena to study law; but eventually entered the church in 1566. From that time Garzoni devoted all his energies to literary and philosophical pursuits, and wrote many works, of which the most celebrated is a dissertation entitled "Piazza universale di tutte le professioni del Mondo." He died on the 8th of June, 1589.—A. C. M.
GASCOIGNE, Sir William, born in Yorkshire about 1350. He was the general attorney of the banished Henry of Bolingbroke to sue for the liveries of his estates, &c.; and when Henry returned from exile and became king, in 1399, Gascoigne was promoted to the bench, and in 1401 became chief-justice of the king's bench. The elevation seems sudden; but the character of the man was exalted too, as is shown not only by the story of his committing Prince Henry for contempt of court, on the prince's essaying to rescue from the hands of justice his wild companions—a story which, for the honour of our judicature, and the credit due to writers from Hollingshed to Lord Campbell (not to mention Shakspeare and the fresco painters of the new palace of Westminster), we must hope was founded on fact—but also from his sustaining the majesty of the laws against the power of the crown in the case of Archbishop Scrope, taken in open rebellion, but who was exempt from capital punishment by the rule known as "benefit of clergy." He is said to have retrenched the number of attorneys of his court, by imposing an examination of their qualifications. He died in 1413.—S. H. G.
GASCOIGNE, William, an English astronomer, and a striking instance of genius in early youth, son of Henry Gascoigne, Esq., of Middleton, West Yorkshire, was born at Middleton in 1621. Availing himself of the fact that a telescope with a convex eye-glass forms an image of the object looked at in the common focus of the object-glass and eye-glass (a property not possessed by the Galilean telescope with its concave eye-glass), he was the first who, by placing crossed filaments at that common focus to mark the central axis or "line of collimation" of the telescope, enabled that line to be directed towards the object observed. He also invented the micrometer, which, by measuring the apparent size of the image before-mentioned, ascertains the angle subtended by the object. Those two inventions, by which the telescope was first adapted to the exact observation of the positions and apparent sizes of the heavenly bodies and of distant objects on earth, are the most important improvements which have been made in astronomical and geodetical instruments since the invention of the telescope. Their date lies somewhere between 1638 and 1643.—(See Phil. Trans, for 1737.) Gascoigne was killed in the service of King Charles I., at the battle of Marston Moor in 1644.—W. J. M. R.
GASCOYNE, George, a poet and dramatist of the Elizabethan age, was born at the paternal seat of Walthamstow in Essex in the year 1540. His father was Sir John Gascoyne, a knight of ancient and honourable lineage. Little or nothing was known of the life of Gascoyne, beyond the particulars given by Wood, until the appearance of Chalmers' edition of the British poets in 1810. This editor was enabled, by the recovery of a very scarce tract three years previously, to present a tolerably connected narrative of the poet's career. After being privately educated at Canterbury, he went up to Cambridge (there is no known foundation for Wood's statement that he was a member of both universities); and after a sojourn, which seems to have been more jovial than studious, at the university, he entered at Gray's inn to study for the bar. He now resided in London for some years, during which time most of his plays and shorter poems were composed; but his way of life was so wild and disreputable as at last to induce his father to disinherit him. Left to his own resources, he seized the opportunity of an English volunteer force, commanded by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, proceeding to the Low Countries in 1572, to take service under the prince of Orange against the Spaniards. An incident occurred during the campaign which was near being his ruin. A lady, with whom he had been intimate, wrote to him from the Hague, which was then in the possession of the enemy; the letter was intercepted, and Gascoyne's ill-wishers in the Dutch camp endeavoured by means of it to fix upon him a charge of treasonable correspondence. But the prince of Orange, on being appealed to, bade him be under no apprehension, and even gave him a pass to enable him to visit the lady. Soon afterwards, at the siege of Middelburg, Gascoyne behaved with such distinguished gallantry that the prince made him a present of three hundred gilders, in addition to the regular donative. In 1574, while in command of a body of about five hundred men, he fell in with a superior force, before which he retired under the walls of Leyden, expecting to be admitted into the city. The burghers, however, would not open their gates, and after a brave resistance he and most of his band were made prisoners. After a captivity of four months he, though in what manner we are not informed, obtained his liberty, and returned to England. In 1575 he accompanied Queen Elizabeth on one of her royal progresses, and to celebrate the event, wrote a masque entitled "The Princely Pleasures of Kenilworth Castle." In 1576 he published his "Steel Glass," which, according to Hallam, is the first specimen of English satire. The same author considers him also to have been the author of the first English work on criticism, through the publication in the previous year of his "Notes concerning the making of Verse or Rhyme in English." His comedy of "The Supposes," a translation of the Suppositi of Ariosto; and his "Jocasta," a free version of the Phœnissæ of Euripides, were both acted at Gray's inn in 1566. His poems, first published at various times under the quaint titles of "Flowers," "Herbs," "Weeds," and "Devices," appeared in a collective form in the general edition of his works, of which one volume was published before his death in 1577, the others not till 1587. During the latter years of his life he appears to have resided quietly at Walthamstow. His death occurred at Stamford, probably while he was upon a journey, in October, 1577. He was a friend of Raleigh, who adopted from him his well-known motto, "Tam Marti quam Mercurio." A complete list of his works may be found in Chalmers. The conjecture of Ellis (Specimens, &c.) that he was born before 1540 is unnecessary, for in a prefatory address prefixed to the second edition of his poems, in 1575, he describes himself as having been a "man of middle yeres" in 1572. (Wood, Chalmers, Oldys' Life of Raleigh.)—T. A.
GASKELL, Mrs. Elizabeth C., one of the most noted English lady-novelists in her day, was the wife of the Rev. William Gaskell, a unitarian minister, long resident in Manchester—himself noted for his researches into the history and peculiarities of the Lancashire dialect. Mrs. Gaskell attained a sudden celebrity by the publication in 1848 of her first novel, "Mary Barton," a story of Manchester life. In this fiction the life, outward and inward, of the workers of "the metropolis of industry," was pourtrayed from long and personal observation, and with a grace as well as truth which raised high hopes of a writer who could detect the romance lurking in so apparently unpoetical a region as the daily toil of Lancashire operatives. The defects in the state of the relations between employers and employed, were touched on with quiet power, all the more
