was ultimately victor, but Gaston lost his estates, and only recovered them a year before his death.—Gaston VII., eighteenth and last viscount, born about the year 1225; died in 1290. He succeeded his father at the age of four years. On attaining his majority, he got involved in the struggle between Henry III. of England and St. Louis of France. These princes he alternately served and deserted. In 1250 he was made prisoner by Simon de Montfort, and conveyed to England. In 1252, having been detained in captivity for only a very short period, he put himself for the second time at the head of an army of Gascons, and attempted to rid them of their governor, Edward prince of Wales. In the following year he laid siege to Bayonne, but unsuccessfully, although assisted by Alfonso X. of Castile. Henry himself entered Gascony shortly afterwards with the purpose of definitively settling matters with Gaston before he should set out on his pilgrimage to the Holy Land; but the wily viscount of Bearn eluded a personal interview with the king. He was not so wary with Edward I., Henry's successor, when that prince returned to Guyenne, after his coronation. Answering a sort of friendly summons to court, he was put in prison, and forced to surrender part of his estates. Against this outrage he reclaimed at the court of France. Phillip III. assisted him in recovering his estates, but would enter no further into his plans. Gaston had afterwards to defend his dominions against Sancho IV. of Castile, whom he defeated before Orthez in 1286.—J. S., G.
GASTON DE FOIX. See Nemours, Duc de.
GASTRELL, Francis, Bishop of Chester, was born in 1662 at Slapton in Northamptonshire, and was educated at Westminster school, then under the superintendence of the celebrated Dr. Busby. In 1680 he was admitted a student of Christ Church, Oxford, and took his degree of B.A. in 1684, and of M.A. in 1687. Having taken orders, he was made B.D. in 1694, about which period he was appointed preacher of Lincoln's inn. In 1702 he was appointed to a canonry in Christ Church, Oxford, and in 1714 promoted to the see of Chester. He died at Oxford on the 24th November, 1725. During a considerable portion of his life, Gastrell took a prominent part in ecclesiastical affairs, and was often engaged in controversy. In 1702, apprehending no good from the dispute which had arisen between Drs. South and Sherlock, he published "Some considerations concerning the Trinity, and the ways of managing that Controversy." To this work Collins replied in his essay concerning the use of reason, and in the third edition of the "Considerations," Gastrell printed an appendix, in which the objections of Collins were examined. In 1714, he published "Remarks upon the Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity by Dr. Samuel Clarke," a work which drew from Clarke an acknowledgment of the author's learning and talent. For the part he took in a controversy with the archbishop of Canterbury, touching the primate's authority to confer degrees in divinity available for preferments for which such degrees were required, Gastrell received the thanks of the university of Oxford assembled in convocation. In the prosecution of Atterbury, bishop of Rochester, Gastrell did not concur. With Atterbury's haughty temper and equivocal loyalty Gastrell had no sympathy, but he thought the proceedings against him were dictated by malignity and marked by violence; and when the bill for inflicting pains and penalties was before the house of lords, the bishop of Chester denounced it with all the warmth of his strong and earnest nature.—(Salmon's Chron. Hist.; State Trials; Willis' Cathedrals; Atterbury's Correspondence.)—J. B. J.
GATAKER, Charles, son of the learned Thomas Gataker, rector of Rotherhithe, was born there about 1614, and was educated at St. Paul's school, London, and Sidney college, Cambridge, where he took his degree of B.A. Removing to Pembroke college, Oxford, he found a patron in Lord Falkland, who made him his chaplain. He was afterwards presented to the rectory of Hoggeston in Buckinghamshire, about 1647, and there he continued till his death in 1680. Though inferior to his father in learning, he was not behind him in zeal for Calvinistic principles. In 1670 he published his father's Antidote against Error concerning Justification, to which he added a tract of his own, "The way of Truth and Peace, or a Reconciliation of the holy Apostles St. Paul and St. James concerning Justification." His theory was that men experience a twofold justification, first as sinners, by faith alone; and then as believers, by faith and works both. St. Paul refers to the former, St. James to the latter. He published several works, directed against the Roman catholics and the quakers. But his best known work was his "Censuræ, or animadversions upon the Harmonia Apostolica of Bishop Bull," which he communicated anonymously to several bishops, with the view of stirring them up to use their authority against the doctrines of Bull. Bull wrote an answer, entitled Examen Censuræ. Nelson, Bull's biographer, does justice both to Gataker's abilities and his faults in the remark, "that had he had more coolness of thought, and had he withal read more of the ancients, and fewer of the moderns, he would have made no inconsiderable writer."—P. L.
GATAKER, Thomas, a distinguished scholar and divine, was born 4th September, 1574, in London, where his father was rector of St. Edmund's. After completing the course at the grammar schools he was entered of St. John's college, Cambridge. Having taken his degree of M.A., he was admitted a fellow of Sidney Sussex college, at that time recently founded. Whilst waiting for the finishing of the structure he went into Essex, and in the family of Sir William Ayloff occupied himself with the study of Hebrew, and acting as tutor in the classics to the son of his host. He also expounded the scriptures to the household, and in this way went through the prophetical books of the Old Testament and the apostolical epistles. Bishop Sterne, who was a relation of Lady Ayloff, having, whilst on a visit, heard one of his expositions, was so pleased with it that he urged him to take orders, which, after some considerable hesitation, he did. His curriculum being at length completed he returned to Cambridge, and there spent seven years discharging the duties of a tutor and exercising himself in preaching in different places where there was a lack of religious instruction, especially at Everton. Wishing, for some unrecorded reasons, to retire from the university, he removed to London and acted for some time as private tutor in the family of Sir W. Coke. While here he made the acquaintance of Judge Popham and other persons connected with the legal profession, which led to his being appointed, in 1601, preacher at Lincoln's inn, an office which he tilled with much reputation for ten years. In 1611 he became rector of Rotherhithe, to which office he was earnestly invited by the people of that parish. Here he continued for nearly forty-three years, discharging faithfully the duties of the office, though often having to struggle with infirm health. He was appointed a member of the Westminster Assembly, and for two years took an active part in its business, generally siding with the puritan party. He was offered the mastership of Trinity college, Cambridge; but though strongly urged to accept it, his declining health constrained him to refuse. After this his time was chiefly devoted to private study, and such pastoral work as his strength permitted him to take. He died on the 27th of July, 1654. He left behind him several works which are still esteemed for the variety and depth of learning and the acuteness of reasoning which they display. His edition of Marcus Antoninus is a masterpiece of learning; and his "Præloquium" on the stoical philosophy, as well as many of his notes, indicates an acquaintance with ancient speculation which has never been surpassed. In biblical literature his "Dissertatio de Stylo Novi Testamenti;" "Cinnus: sive Adversaria Miscellanea;" his "Adversaria Miscellanea," published by his son after his death; and his share in the Annotations by the Westminster Assembly, display the wealth of his learning and the soundness of his exegesis. He published also a treatise on "The Nature and Use of Lots," and several sermons. His works have been edited by Witsius in three vols. folio, Traj.-ad-Rhen., 1698. Hallam says, "Gataker stood, perhaps, next to Usher in general estimation."—W. L. A.
GATES, Horatio, a major in the English army and major-general in the American war, was a godson of Horace Walpole. He lived on terms of intimacy with men of rank and fashion in London, and served with distinction in the Seven Years' war. However, when now in middle life, exhausted both in purse and patience with place and promotion hunting in town, he found himself under the necessity of migrating to Virginia, to claim and farm an allotment of land in county Berkely, Virginia. Gates had early made overtures to the leaders of the insurrectionary movement, and he readily accepted a commission from congress in 1775, to serve as brigadier under Washington, whose acquaintance he had made while serving in former years in America. He was for some time attached to that great man's staff, and seems to have lived with him on cordial terms. In June, 1776, he was despatched by congress to Canada, to take General Thomas' place; and after a quarrel respecting military patronage with
