He finished this work in six years, though, in the interval (the 23rd of July, 1768), the abbey and valuable library belonging to it became a prey to the flames, occasioning the loss of a great part of his materials, and likewise of his time, which he was obliged to employ in giving directions for the construction of a new edition. This work is in two volumes, and contains many prints. It is entitled "De Cantu et Musica sacra, a prima Ecclesiæ ætate usque ad præsens tempus," &c.; Typis San-Blasianis, 1774. Gerbert divided his history of church and state music into three parts—the first finishes at the pontificate of St. Gregory; the second goes on as far as the fifteenth century; and the third to his own time. But the work which has given the prince-abbot the greatest title to gratitude from artists and literati, is one of far more importance, published in 1784, under the title of "Scriptores ecclesiastici de Musica sacra potissimum. Ex variis Italiæ, Galliæ, et Germaniæ codicibus manuscriptis collecti, et nunc primum publica luce donati, a Martino Gerbert," &c. This is a collection of all the ancient authors who have written on music since the third century to the invention of printing, and whose works had remained in manuscript. The learned amateur has by this work rendered an immortal service to the science of music. M. Forkel has given an extensive analysis of it in his Histoire de la Musique. The Abbot Gerbert kept up a constant correspondence with Glück. He died in his seventy-third year, May 13, 1793.—E. F. R.
GERBIER, Pierre-Jean-Baptiste, a jurisconsult, was born at Rennes, 29th June, 1725, and died March 26th, 1788. His family had long been well known at the bar, and were wealthy. His early education was intrusted to masters brought expressly from Holland, and he afterwards continued his studies at the Collége de Beauvais at Paris. He could afford to wait, and thus it was not until his twenty-eighth year that he appeared at the bar. He soon obtained wide practice and much renown, and was more especially successful in cases where appeals to the feelings were required. Amongst his most famous pleadings were those for the Brothers Lyoncy against the jesuits, and for the comte de Bussy against the Company of the Indies.—W. J. P.
GERBIER D'OUVILLY, Sir Balthasar, a distinguished miniature-painter and architect, born at Antwerp about 1591, and settled in this country in the household of the duke of Buckingham as early as 1613. Gerbier was much more a courtier than an artist, and, like Rubens, was employed by his patrons as diplomatist, as well as painter: he accompanied the duke to Spain, and painted a portrait of the Infanta Maria for James I.; he was employed in the treaty of marriage between Prince Charles and that princess, though acting ostensibly only as a painter. He was employed also in Flanders after the accession of Charles I. to negotiate a private treaty with Spain, Rubens being employed in England on the same business on the part of the Spanish government. The duke of Northumberland possesses a miniature of the duke of Buckingham on horseback, which was painted by Gerbier in 1618. His own portrait by Dobson, in the same picture with Dobson himself and Sir Charles Cotterel, is in the same collection. Gerbier's pictures seem very scarce; in the Pepys library at Cambridge, there is a collection of robes illuminated by him; and he is said to have designed the triumphal arches which were erected on the restoration of Charles II. in 1660. Gerbier returned with Charles to England, from which he was absent during the Commonwealth. He was master of the ceremonies to Charles I., and in 1628 entertained the king and the queen with a supper, which cost him about £1000. He was knighted by Charles this year. He died in 1667 at Hempsted-Marshal, the seat of Lord Craven, which was then being built by Gerbier himself. Gerbier was the author of some very curious works, which are noticed at considerable length by Walpole. His last was a small manual entitled "Counsel and Advice to all Builders," London, 1663, which contains no less than forty dedications. An account of prices in it is of some value.—(Anecdotes of Painting, &c.)—R. N. W.
GERBILLON, Jean François, a celebrated jesuit missionary, born in 1654, became jesuit in 1670, and was sent to Pekin in 1686. He published "Historical Observations on Great Tartary," and an account of his travels, which Du Halde inserted in his History of China. He was on terms of the greatest intimacy with the Chinese emperor, for whom he drew up a system of geometry. The emperor allowed Gerbillon to preach the christian religion in all parts of his dominions, and to employ assistants. He died in 1707 at Pekin.—W. H. P. G.
GERDIL, Giacinto Sigismondo, born at Samoëns in Faucigny, Savoy, in 1718, studied science, literature, and theology in the Barnabite convent of Thonon, and soon became known as a religious philosopher and a fervent supporter of the church. He was elected in 1749 to the chair of philosophy in Turin, and later intrusted by King Charles-Emmanuel III. with the education of his grandson, afterwards Charles-Emmanuel IV. Clement XIV. had destined him for the cardinalate; it was conferred upon him by Pius VI. He went then to Rome in 1777, and was appointed to several of the most important offices in the administration of ecclesiastical affairs. At the time of the French invasion he left Rome in extreme poverty, followed the pope to Sienna, and then retired to the abbey of Clusa, which had been granted to him previous to his elevation to the rank of cardinal. At the conclave of Venice after the death of Pius VI., there were several cardinals present who had thought of him for the papal chair, but, owing to his great age, the majority of votes was not in his favour. Gerdil died in 1802. Among his many works the following deserve special mention—"L'Immaterialité de l'âme démontrée centre Locke, et la défense du sentiment du P. Malebranche contre ce philosophe;" "Introduzione alio studio della religione," &c.; "Anti-contrat social;" and "Anti-Emile." He wrote several treatises on physical subjects, and many learned theological and ecclesiastical dissertations.—(See Tipaldo, Biografia degl' Italiani illustri.)—A. S., O.
GEREE, John, an English divine of the puritan party, was born in Yorkshire in 1600, and received his education at Oxford. Having entered into holy orders, he held his first charge at Tewkesbury, and was suspended by Bishop Goodman. But the authority of the parliament restored him; and he subsequently ministered at St. Albans, whence he was translated to one of the metropolitan churches. He died in 1649.—Stephen Geree, also a puritan minister, was an elder brother of John; and the names of both are in the catalogue of English authors. Stephen wrote against the antinomians; and John published eight works, chiefly controversial.—A later writer, of the name of John Geree, published in 1706 an assize sermon on the excellency of a public spirit.—W. B.
* GERHARD, Eduard, a distinguished German archæologist, was born at Posen, November 29, 1793, and completed his education at Breslau and Berlin. In 1819 and 1822 he travelled in Italy, and for fifteen years resided at Rome. Here he concentrated all the energies of his mind, and all his literary ambition, on the systematic excavation, description, and explanation of the monuments of ancient art. Conjointly with Bunsen and Platner, he wrote the well-known "Description of Rome," and collected ample materials for the "Scriptores de regionibus urbis," which were afterwards published by Professor Ulrichs. The greatest service he rendered to archæology, however, was the founding of the Institute for Archæological Correspondence at Rome, 1828, which, under the protectorate of the king of Prussia, has become a sort of head-quarters of the study for all Europe. After his return to Germany, Gerhard was appointed archæologist to the Berlin museum, and a professor in the university. He has since published a series of important and splendidly executed pictorial works, among which we mention—Antike Bildwerke; Neapels Antike Bildwerke (conjointly with Panofka); Auserlesene Griechische Vasenbilder; Etruskische Spiegel, and others. His numerous archæological treatises and monographs, several of which are written in Italian, have not yet been published in a collective form.—K. E.
GERHARD, Johann, whom Tholuck characterizes as "of all the heroes of Lutheran orthodoxy the most learned and the most pious," was a native of Quedlinburg, where he was born 17th October, 1582, and was educated at the universities of Wittemberg, Jena, and Marburg. In his twenty-fourth year he became superintendent of Heldburg in the duchy of Coburg; and in 1615 was appointed to the senior professorship of theology in Jena, to the duties of which he devoted the rest of his life. He died on the 20th August, 1637. So great was his celebrity that he received no fewer than twenty-four invitations to settle elsewhere during his stay at Jena, all of which he declined; and that even during the Thirty Years' war, the attendance of students at Jena not only did not fall off, as in most of the other universities, but actually increased. He took a prominent and authoritative part in the ecclesiastical affairs of his day; was the leading man in many theological conventions; and "for a whole train of princes," as Tholuck says, "was
