and in 1622 he was honoured at Oxford with a doctor's degree, on the recommendation of his friend Camden. It has been said that, besides his own exercise composed for this occasion, he wrote that which gained a similar degree for Dr. Heyther; but it is easy to raise reports of this kind, and impossible to refute them after a long lapse of years. In 1625, attending in his official capacity the solemnity of the marriage of Charles I. with Henrietta of France, on which occasion he composed the music. Gibbons was seized with smallpox, and died on the Whitsunday following. He was buried in Canterbury cathedral, and his widow erected a monument over his grave, the inscription on which is given in Dart's History of the Cathedral. Gibbons was concerned jointly with Dr. John Bull and Dr. William Byrd in the composition of a music-book for the virginals, entitled "Parthenia." In 1612 he published "Madrigals of five parts, for Voices and Viols." He also composed the tunes for Withers' Hymns and Songs of the Church; Melodies of two parts, and in their kind most excellent; and also a set of Fancies for viols. But Gibbons' greatest glory is his church music. Two services and about eighty anthems have descended to our times. Dr. Tudway, speaking of them, says they are "the most perfect pieces of church music which have appeared since the time of Tallis and Byrd; the air so solemn, the fugues and other embellishments so just and naturally taken, as must warm the heart of any one who is endued with a soul fitted for divine raptures." Undoubtedly the general characteristic of Gibbons' music is fine harmony, unaffected simplicity, and grandeur.—E. F. R.
GIBBONS, Thomas, a dissenting divine, was born at Reak, near Newmarket, in 1720, and died in 1783. Gibbons was a rigid Calvinist, and remarkable for his piety and simplicity of manners. He wrote a work on rhetoric; another entitled "Female Worthies, or the lives and memoirs of eminently pious women;" and "Memoirs of the Rev. Isaac Watts, D.D." He supplied Dr. Johnson with some materials for his account of Watts in the Lives of the Poets. Three volumes of his sermons were printed after his death.—R. M., A.
GIBBS, James, architect, was born in 1674 at Aberdeen, where he was educated, and took the degree of M.A. In his twentieth year he went to Holland, served for six years with an architect, and then proceeded to Italy, where he remained ten years, chiefly at Rome, studying architecture under Garroli. Returning to England at a time when Wren had fallen into disfavour, Gibbs, assisted by the active patronage of the earl of Mar, found a ready field for his efforts, and soon became the most fashionable architect of the day. His first important work was the Fellows' Building at King's college, Cambridge, a wretched disfigurement of the grand old Gothic pile. He was more fortunate with his next great work, St. Martin's-le-Strand church. Charing Cross, 1721-26, the portico of which has always been looked upon as one of the best Roman porticoes in London—the church, as a whole, having been both praised and censured in excess. Other important buildings by him were St. Mary's church in the Strand, London; All Saints, Derby; and the quadrangle of St. Bartholomew's hospital. But next to St. Martin's, the work by which he is best known, is the Radcliffe library, Oxford, 1737-49, a circular structure not very well adapted for its specific purpose, and rather correct than impressive when seen close at hand, but the handsome cupola of which forms a striking feature in the general view of the learned city. Gibbs published in 1728 a folio volume of his designs, and "he got," says Walpole, "£1500 by the publication, and sold the plates afterwards for £400 more." The designs of the Radcliffe library he issued in a separate volume, folio, 1747. Gibbs died August 5, 1754.—J. T—e.
GIBBS, Sir Vicary, a chief-justice of the common pleas, was born in 1752, in or near Exeter, where his father was a surgeon and apothecary. Sent to Eton, he distinguished himself by his early scholarship, and his contributions figure in the Musæ Etonenses. At school he is said to have been noted for a certain pettishness of temper, which accompanied him throughout life. His father was not rich, and he repaired to Cambridge as an elected scholar of king's college, on Lord Craven's foundation. After leaving the university, where he specially distinguished himself by his proficiency in Greek, he went to London and became a barrister. His first noted forensic appearance was as counsel with Lord Erskine in the famous state trials of 1794, when he defended Horne Tooke and Hardy. In spite of the acrimony with which he has been charged as a pleader, his judgment is said on that occasion to have usefully tempered Erskine's fiery zeal. With this success his practice improved; and his political opinions being the opposite of those of Horne Tooke and Hardy, he was marked for promotion by the government. In 1805 he was appointed solicitor-general and knighted; in 1807 attorney-general, when he entered the house of commons as the parliamentary representative of his alma mater, the university of Cambridge. In 1812 he was made a puisne judge of the common pleas, and succeeded in 1813 to the chief-justiceship, which his infirmities forced him to resign in 1818. He died on the 8th of February, 1820, leaving behind him the reputation of an able judge.—F. E.
GIBERT DE MONTREUIL, a trouvère of the twelfth century, known by a romance in rhyme called the "Violet," to which a novel of Boccaccio's and Shakspeare's Cymbeline have been traced. Gibert's romance was translated into French prose early in the sixteenth century, and was abridged and popularized by the count de Tressan. The original was for the first time published by François Michel in 1834.—J. A., D.
GIBERTI, Giammatteo, born at Palermo in 1495. He was highly lauded in the records of the sixteenth century and in the works of several of the most famous writers of that age, as Bembo and Casa, for his learning, and for the liberal patronage he bestowed on literature and literary men at Rome, where he long resided, and at Verona, where he was subsequently bishop. He encouraged above all the study of Greek, and helped by means of amanuenses, whom he entertained at his private expense in his palace, to decipher and transcribe ancient manuscripts. Some excellent editions of the works of the Greek fathers were published under his auspices. He died in 1543.—A. S., O.
GIBIEUF, Guillaume, was born at Bourges in the latter part of the sixteenth century, and died in 1650. He became a doctor of the Sorbonne in 1612, and, the year before, had assisted cardinal de Berulle in instituting the congregation of the Oratory Gibieuf was also commendatory abbé of Juilly, and vicar-general of the society, and it is said that his modesty prevented him from accepting a bishopric. He was author of a work entitled "De Libertate Dei et Creaturæ," which procured him the title of "precursor of Jansenism." He also wrote "La Vie et les Grandeurs de la très sainte Vierge," &c.—R. M., A.
GIBSON, Sir Alex., Bart., an eminent Scottish lawyer and judge, born about 1570. He was admitted a clerk of session in 1594, and continued to hold that office during the remainder of his life. In 1621 he was elevated to the bench by the title of Lord Durie, and his son was conjoined with him in his office of clerk. He was repeatedly chosen president of the court by the other judges, in whom the right of election to this office was then vested. Seven years later he was created a baronet of Nova Scotia, and received a grant of several square miles of land in that country. In 1640 he was elected a member of the committee of estates. Lord Durie was not only an able and learned, but an upright judge, and was never charged with those acts of dishonesty and venality by which the Scottish judges of his age were disgraced. While taking an airing on Leith Sands, the president was forcibly carried off by some masked men and detained for three months in close and secret confinement for the purpose of preventing his voting in a suit then pending in the court of session. This outrage, which is said to have been perpetrated at the instance of the earl of Traquair by a border freebooter named William Armstrong or Christie's Will, has been made the subject of a spirited ballad by Sir Walter Scott. Lord Durie died in 1646. His collection of the reports of decisions in the court of session from 1621 to 1642 was published after his death by his son in one vol. folio, and though very brief and somewhat obscure, is valuable as the earliest digested collection of decisions in Scottish law.—J. T.
GIBSON, Edmund, an eminent prelate and scholar, successively bishop of Lincoln and of London, was born at Bampton in Westmoreland in 1669, of parents respecting whom nothing but their names seems to be known. He is said to have received his early education at a school in his native county, and "became," says Anthony Wood, who knew him personally, "a poor serving child of Queen's college anno 1686, aged 17 years." Gibson's early residence at Oxford fell at a time when a taste for literary archæology was rife. Two years after he arrived at Queen's college, Oxford, witnessed the publication of Hickes' Anglo-Saxon and Mœso-Gothic Grammar. It was to this branch of learning that Gibson specially devoted himself, and in a few years the
