into great trouble at the Restoration in 1660. The attorney-general was ordered by parliament to proceed against him, and he had the honour of being associated with Milton in the ignominy of having one of his books burned by the hands of the common hangman. He was for some time in hiding, but the house of commons at last decided to spare his life, while declaring him "incapable of holding any public employment within the kingdom." But he continued to preach privately in Coleman Street till his death, which took place in 1665, in his seventy-third year. His last work was a protest against the act of uniformity of 1662—"Prelatic Preachers none of Christ's Teachers"—which was published without either name or date. See his Life by Samuel Dunn, prefixed to Christian Theology, London, 1836.—P. L.
GOODWIN, Thomas, D.D., an eminent divine, described by Anthony à Wood as, along with Dr. Owen, one of "the two Atlases and patriarchs of Independency," was born at Rollesby in Norfolk, October 5th, 1600. He was sent at thirteen years of age to Christ's college, Cambridge, and in 1616 took his B.A. degree. He removed in 1619 to Katherine's Hall to be under the tuition of the famous Dr. Sibbes. In the following year he took his degree of M.A., and was chosen fellow and a lecturer in the university. In due time he proceeded D.D. During the earlier years of his residence at Cambridge, an ambition to shine as a fine scholar and polite preacher was the feeling that principally ruled in his mind. Having, however, one evening, when on his way to a party of pleasure, stepped into a church where Dr. Bambridge was preaching, he was so impressed with the sermon, that he returned home without fulfilling the intention with which he had set out, and from that time forward became an earnestly religious man. In 1628 he was appointed to the lectureship, and in 1632 to the vicarage, of Trinity church, Cambridge; his conscientious convictions, however, led him soon after to resign the vicarage, and along with that his university preferments. In 1639 he yielded to the persecution with which the sectaries were pursued, and retired to Holland, where he became minister of the English church at Arnheim. At the beginning of the Long Parliament he returned to England, and settled in London as pastor of an Independent congregation in Thames Street. In 1643 he was chosen a member of the Westminster Assembly, in the business of which he took an active part. At one time he thought of emigrating to New England, but was dissuaded by his friends. He was soon after, by an order of the parliament, dated January 8, 1649-50, appointed president of Magdalen college, Oxford. Being high in the favour of Cromwell, he was nominated in 1653 one of a committee of divines to draw up a catalogue of fundamentals to be presented to parliament; and in the same year he was made one of the triers for the testing of ministers. He filled various offices of trust of this sort, and he had a principal part in the framing of the Savoy Confession in 1658. He set up an Independent church at Oxford, which numbered among its members, Theophilus Gale, Stephen Charnock, and John Howe. Deprived of his preferments at the Restoration, Goodwin removed to London, where he led a retired and studious life, officiating as minister to a small congregation, and prosecuting those researches of which the world has the fruits in his published writings. In the fire of 1666 he lost a considerable part of his library. He was carried off by fever, after a few days' illness, on the 23rd of February, 1679-80. With some peculiarities of habit and manner (for which see the description by Addison in No. 494 of the Spectator), he was a man of unusual powers, sincere piety, and unblemished character. He was deeply read in all departments of theology, and had a respectable acquaintance with literature ancient and modern. His knowledge of scripture was especially remarkable, and he excelled in the exposition of it. On his tombstone in Bunhill fields, there is a lengthened narrative of his attainments and excellences set forth in classical Latin from the pen of Mr. Thomas Gilbert. But his best monument are his works, the majority of which appeared after his death; they fill five volumes folio, and are rich specimens of supralapsarian theology and practical religious teaching.—W. L. A.
* GOODYEAR, Charles, was born at Newhaven, Connecticut, about the close of the last century. About 1840 he invented the process of "vulcanizing" Indian rubber, consisting mainly in the production of a compound of caoutchouc and sulphur, which, by being subjected to a high temperature under pressure, is rendered superior to ordinary caoutchouc for many purposes in the arts; being tougher and more durable, and less affected by heat and cold. He has since invented various improvements and new applications of that material.—W. J. M. R.
GOOGE, Barnaby, an English poet and translator, supposed to have been born about the year 1538, and to have been educated at Cambridge, whence he removed to Staples inn. In 1565 he published a translation of Palingenius' Zodiake of Lyfe, of which portions had been published separately some years before. He also published translations of Naogeorgius' Popish Kingdom; Heresbach's Foure Bookes of Husbandrie; Aristotle's Categories, &c., and a volume of original poetry, consisting of sonnets and pastorals. These works are now very rare, and are sought for only as literary curiosities.—J. B. J.
GOOKIN, Daniel, styled by Cotton Mather the pious Mr. Gookin, shares with Eliot the apostle to the Indians, the glory of attempting to reconcile the prosperity of European settlers with the preservation and civilization of the dispossessed aborigines. Born in Kent in 1612, he was taken in his ninth year to Virginia by his father. The sturdy independence of "Master Gookin," the father, is noted in Smith's History of Virginia. In 1644 Daniel Gookin followed those puritan preachers from Massachusetts, whom orthodox and cavalier Virginia had rejected. He settled in Cambridge, New England, where his uprightness and intelligence procured him posts of honour and responsibility. After being captain of the military company, member of the house of deputies, and magistrate, he was in 1656 appointed superintendent of all the Indians subject to the state. His beneficent character shone with peculiar lustre in his dealings with the poor natives. Mr. Francis, in his Life of Eliot, says that Gookin was "the intimate friend of Mr. Eliot, and a very valuable associate and counsellor in his labours." These labours were interrupted for two or three years by a visit to England, where, in an interview with Cromwell, Gookin was commissioned to invite the people of Massachusetts to migrate to Jamaica, then recently taken from the Spaniards. On his return in 1661 he resumed his office of superintendent and incurred much obloquy by defending the Indians against the prejudices and fears of the settlers. Gookin's high character, however, prevailed over every calumny, and in 1681 he was appointed major-general of the colony; he continued in the magistracy till the dissolution of the charter in 1686. The following year he died, and so poor that his friend Eliot appropriated ten pounds, out of thirty intrusted to him for the use of the Indians, to supply the necessities of Gookin's widow. In 1674 Mr. Gookin wrote "Historical Collections of the Indians in New England." It is a mine of valuable and interesting matter relating to the Indians, and was published by the Mass. Hist. Society in 1792.—R. H.
GORDIANUS, M. Antonius Africanus, was emperor of Rome in the year 237, together with his son. He was descended on the father's side from the Gracchi, on the mother's from the Emperor Trajan. When he was ædile and consul he was celebrated for the magnificence of the shows with which he amused the people, and for the extravagance with which he squandered his enormous wealth. He was named proconsul of Africa, and while holding that office he had the misfortune to be selected as emperor by a band of conspirators who had been unjustly treated by the brutal Maximin. The senate at Rome ratified their choice; but Gordianus, who was utterly unwarlike, failed to withstand the first attack of Capelianus, governor of Mauritania, and in despair put an end to his life at Carthage, where he had established his court. He died in 237, after a short reign of one month and six days. He appears to have been a quiet inoffensive man, of literary tastes, and unfit for the political eminence which he unwillingly acquired.—W. H. W.
GORDIANUS, M. Antoninus Africanus, son of the preceding. He was associated with his father in the empire, and died on the field of battle a few days before him, in 237. He seems to have been chiefly remarkable for the largeness of his library and the number of his concubines.—W. H. W.
GORDIANUS, Marcus Antonius Pius Felix, grandson of the first Gordianus, was but thirteen years old when he was associated, as Cæsar, with the emperors Maximus and Balbinus, who were elected when the two elder Gordians died. In 241 he married Furia Sabina Tranquillina, daughter of Misitheus or Timesitheus, whom he appointed prefect of the body guard. This Misitheus seems to have been a man of wisdom and integrity, two virtues very rare in Rome at this time; and it was by his advice that Gordianus undertook a war against the Persians,
