his return to Scotland, he attracted the attention of Sir George M'Kenzie, then at the head of the Scottish bar; and soon after, in 1689, took a prominent part in the discussions respecting the disposal of the crown on the flight of King James. He published a small treatise on this absorbing question, entitled "The Loyalist's reasons for his giving obedience and swearing allegiance to the present government," &c., in which he argued, on strictly legal grounds, that James had forfeited the crown, and that the prince of Orange ought to be invested with the full right of sovereignty. The immediate effect of this pamphlet is said to have been very great; and the service which the author thus rendered to the cause of constitutional freedom was cordially acknowledged by the government. A baronetcy was bestowed upon him in 1705. He was a zealous and sagacious advocate of the union between England and Scotland, and after the passing of that measure was raised to the bench—where he assumed the title of Lord Cullen—in 1709. He discharged the duties of this office for seventeen years, and proved himself an exceedingly able and upright judge. He was both a profound thinker and a very learned lawyer. One of his fellow-senators termed him a living library. Lord Cullen was not only a public-spirited patriot, but a pious man and a staunch friend of the Church of Scotland, the pristine purity of which he strove to revive. He published a pamphlet in 1703 against the restoration of church patronage; and an account of the societies in England for the reformation of manners in 1700. He was the author also of "A Short History of the Sabbath," &c., published in 1705; of three essays on "Law, Religion, and Education;" and "Reflections on the Rebellion of 1715." Lord Cullen, with all his shrewdness and activity, was careless of his own affairs; and his wife, on whom the entire management of his estate devolved, was in the habit of obtaining his advice respecting any doubtful matter by presenting it to him in the form of a "case," on which his legal opinion was requested. Lord Cullen died in 1726.—His second son, William, an eminent lawyer, born in 1698, held successively the offices of solicitor-general and lord-advocate. In 1754 he was raised to the bench by the title of Lord Prestongrange, and afterwards became lord-justice-clerk. He died in 1764.—J. T.
* GRANT, Sir Francis, R.A., son of Francis Grant, laird of Kilgraston, was born near the beginning of the century. Sir Walter Scott gives in his Diary (March 26, 1831) a sketch of the early career of his young friend, telling how, having spent his patrimony, he resolved to turn to account his natural fondness for painting, and prophesying that "if he attends to his profession he will be one of the celebrated men of the day." Mr. Grant was then engaged in painting, writes Sir Walter, "a cabinet picture of myself, armour, and so forth, together with my two noble stag-hounds." In youth he was passionately fond of fox-hunting and field sports, and many of his early pictures are representations of hunt-meetings and other sporting scenes; but he has long confined himself to portraiture. His family connections, and his marriage with the niece of the duke of Rutland, secured him a connection among the higher classes, which has been largely extended by his own ability, and the taste and tact he displays in imparting or preserving to his aristocratic sitters an air of courtly refinement. For many years past Sir Francis has been the leading portrait painter of fashionable circles, and has portrayed not only the lineaments of a large proportion of the rank and beauty, but also of the political and social celebrities, of the day. He was elected A.R.A. in 1842, R.A. in 1851, and successor to Sir Charles Eastlake as president of the Royal Academy in 1866. The same year the honour of knighthood was conferred on him by the Queen—J. T—e.
GRANT, Horace, an English educationist, born in London, 4th December, 1799; died 29th March, 1859. Employed in the examiner's office of the India house in preparing law and state papers, under the superintendence of the late Mr. Mill and Mr. Peacock, he early cultivated that precision of style which distinguishes his writings. Being compelled to resign this situation on account of ill health, Mr. Grant devoted his attention during the remainder of his life to educational pursuits. His works are systematically graduated upon actual trial, experience, and observation of the capacities and power of attention of children. Among these works may be noticed his "Exercises for the Senses for Young Children;'" "First Stage of Arithmetic for Young Children;" "Second Stage of Arithmetic for Schools and Families; "several books of instructions for children in writing, in geography, in drawing, and in colour; "Instructions to Mothers and Teachers of Children." Mr. Grant's labours were original and independent. His book on the advanced stage of arithmetic is at the same time practically an exercise in logic and mental training.—S. H. G.
* GRANT, James, editor of the Morning Advertiser, a native of Elgin in the north of Scotland, where he was born in the first decade of the present century. Repairing to London in 1833, he became connected as a reporter with the metropolitan press, and as a writer with that of the provinces. The parliamentary experience gained in the former capacity led him to publish, in 1835, his "Random Recollections of the House of Commons," a series of pen and ink sketches of public men, belonging to a literary genre then comparatively unworked. They were immediately popular, and their success stimulated him to the composition and publication of a number of works in the same department of personal portraiture—such as "Random Recollections of the House of Lords;" "The Great Metropolis" (two series); "The Bench and the Bar;" "Sketches in London;" "The British Senate in 1838;" "The Metropolitan Pulpit;" "Travels in Town;" "Portraits of Public Characters;" "Paris and its People;" &c., Some years ago Mr. Grant became the editor of the Morning Advertiser, his conduct of which has been marked by no small amount of energy. He has republished from its columns two records of tour and travel—one on the continent, the other in the north of Ireland—descriptive of the Revival movement. Mr. Grant has also published various pamphlets on the recent so-called "negative theology" controversy, and (anonymously) five volumes of practical divinity.—F. E.
* GRANT, James, a prolific novelist and contributor to the historical and biographical literature of his native country, was born at Edinburgh on the 1st of August, 1822. At the age of ten he accompanied to Newfoundland his father, an old peninsular officer, who was sent in a military capacity to the colony. He remained in America with his father for several years, and the barrack-existence which he led gave him the knowledge of and taste for military life which have been conspicuously displayed in his works. Returning to England in 1839, he received an ensigncy in the 62nd regiment, but not long afterwards quitted the army and devoted himself to literature. His first work, "The Romance of War, or Highlanders in Spain," was published in 1846, and has been followed by a number of spirited fictions, chiefly illustrative of the history, especially the military history, of Scotland and the Scotch. Besides novels, he has produced some interesting works of pure biography, and archæology—such as the "Memorials of Edinburgh Castle," the "Memoirs of Kirkcaldy of Grange," those of Sir John Hepburn, and a "Life of the Marquis of Montrose." Several of his novels have been translated into French, German, and Swedish.—F. E.
* GRANT, Robert Edward, M.D., F.R.S., and a distinguished anatomist, was born at Edinburgh on the 11th November, 1793. His father, Mr. Alexander Grant, was a writer to the signet, or solicitor, in that city. After going through the usual course of elementary study at the high school, Mr. Grant entered the university with the view of following the medical profession. In 1814 he obtained the diploma of surgeon, graduating at the same time as a doctor of medicine. Having succeeded to a small independence by his father's death, he resolved before going into practice to visit the great foreign schools of medicine. The winter of 1815-16 he spent in Paris attending the classes of the naturalists who then lectured at the jardin des plantes. The following winter he passed at Rome. In 1818 and 1819 he visited Germany. In 1820 he returned to his native city. He continued then to prosecute the study of comparative anatomy, to which he had specially devoted his attention during his stay on the continent. In conjunction with Dr. John Barclay, the celebrated anatomist, he delivered a course of lectures on this subject. He at the same time began to explore the marine zoology of the firth of Forth and the other Scotch coasts, contributing to the scientific journals many important papers, among which may be mentioned one, "On the Structure of the Eye of the Swordfish" (Memoirs of the Wernerian Society, vol. vi.); another, "On the Anatomy of the Paco of Brazil" (in the same volume); and a third, "On the Structure and Functions of the Sponge" (Edin. Philosophical Journal, vol. xiii.). The researches of Dr. Grant upon the anatomy and physiology of sponges are possessed of special value, indeed may be ranked among the most important contri-
