of the preceding, was born about 1610, and died in 1676. He studied at Corpus Christi college, Oxford, of which he became a fellow in 1636. In the following year he was appointed to fill the chair of Arabic in the university during the absence of the celebrated Pocock. He subsequently became rector of Dunsby in Lincolnshire; and after the Restoration was made rector of Benefield in Northamptonshire, and one of the prebendaries of the cathedral of Peterborough. Greaves was a very distinguished oriental scholar, and enjoyed the friendship of Selden and other learned men of his time. His works are not numerous. He wrote a dissertation on the Arabic language, and contributed two articles to the famous Polyglot bible, which were rendered into Latin by Mr. Samuel Clarke.—R. M., A.
GRECOURT, Jean Baptiste Joseph Willart de, born at Tours in 1683; died in 1743. He was descended from a respectable Scottish family. He was educated at Paris for the church. At the age of thirteen he was made canon of the cathedral of Tours. His first sermon was a satire on the ladies of the neighbourhood, and provoked so much censure that he gave up the thought of becoming a popular preacher. He returned to Paris, where he past an idle epicurean life, amusing himself and others by the composition of verses which were always indecent and often lively. His church sinecure gave him the means of appearing in society, and he lived chiefly in the houses of persons of distinction, to whom he had the talent of rendering himself acceptable. Marshal d'Estrees and the duc d'Aguillon were among his patrons. His poems were written for the amusement of those among whom he lived. A satire against the jesuits is traced to the inspiration of a lady whose favours he sought or enjoyed; and one against the jansenists to the religious zeal of another lady, with whom the poet at a later period had entered into similar relations. Law, whose financial projects were then driving all France mad, offered Grécourt a situation in his bank, which the abbé declined. Grécourt had the grace not to print a collection of his poems during his life. In that printed after his death are several not his.—J. A., D.
* GREELEY, Horace, editor and part-proprietor of the New York Tribune, was born at Amherst, New Hampshire, U.S., on the 3rd of February, 1811. His father appears to have been a small farmer. Mr. Greeley received the usual common school education of his native state, and began life as an apprentice in a newspaper-office—that of the Northern Spectator in Pultenay, Vermont, to which state his parents removed when he was about fourteen. An early love of reading had made him desirous of employment in a printing-office in preference to the pursuit of his father's occupation. The Northern Spectator died in 1830, and Mr. Greeley repaired to New York to seek his fortune in the empire city. After working for a time as a journeyman printer, he started in 1833 the first penny newspaper which had ever been published in the states, with the—to English ears—rather incongruous title of the Morning Post. New York was not yet ripe for penny journalism, and its Morning Post lived for only three weeks. In 1834 he founded a weekly journal—the New Yorker—which lasted for seven years, during which period Mr. Greeley started with temporary success two so-called "campaign papers," the Jeffersonian and the Log Cabin. At last, on the 10th of April, 1841, he succeeded in launching into existence No. 1 of the New York Tribune, now one of the most popular and widely-circulated daily journals in the Union, and which, under Mr. Greeley's management, has been distinguished by its readiness to espouse any cause if sufficiently "advanced," from Fourierism to spiritualism. The New York Tribune has long been a prominent anti-slavery organ, and is further, we may add, honourably characterized by the fulness of its literary criticism and news. Its success was so great that in 1848 its editor was sent to congress. In 1851 Mr. Greeley visited Europe to attend the Great Exhibition, and the papers which he addressed to the New York Tribune, descriptive of his impressions of the Old World, were reprinted in 1851 with the title "Glances at Europe." His "Hints towards Reform," also published in 1851, give a pretty full view of the largeness of his sympathies with innovation. He visited the Mormon settlement at Utah, and published in the Tribune an interesting account of what he saw there. Mr. Greeley's life has been written by Mr. James Parton, the biographer of Aaron Burr and of Andrew Jackson.—F. E.
GREEN, Ashbel, a distinguished American divine, was born at Hanover, New Jersey, in 1762, graduated at Princeton college in 1783, was ordained in 1787, and officiated as chaplain to congress in Philadelphia from 1792 to 1800. In 1812 he was elected president of Princeton college, and on retiring from the duties of that position in 1822, he conducted a presbyterian religious journal, the Christian Advocate, in Philadelphia, for twelve years. He is best known by his "History of Presbyterian Missions," and his "Lectures on the Shorter Catechism," in two vols. 12mo. He died in 1848. His Life, begun to be written by himself in his eighty-second year, and continued to his eighty-fourth, was completed and published by the Rev. J. H. Jones in 1849.—G. BL.
GREEN, James, an English civil engineer, was born at Birmingham in 1781, and died on the 13th of February, 1849. He learned his business from his father, an engineer and contractor of good standing. He was afterwards employed as assistant engineer under John Rennie on the repair and improvement of the Dymchurch wall and other works. From 1808 till 1814 he held the post of surveyor of the county of Devon, and afterwards practised as an independent engineer; and in both capacities he executed many important works, of which the most difficult and extensive were chiefly those connected with canals, harbours, and defences against the sea. In that branch of engineering the skill of Green was of the highest order.—W. J. M. R.
GREEN, John, a divine of the English church, was a native of Beverley in Yorkshire, and received his education at Cambridge university in the early part of the eighteenth century. He obtained one of the fellowships of St. John's college in 1730; and at a later period he was appointed bursar, and raised to the chair of regius professor of divinity, which he resigned in 1756 to be soon afterwards honoured with the office of vice-chancellor. He held various benefices, and was also for some time one of the royal chaplains. The deanery of Lincoln was conferred upon him in 1756; and subsequently the bishopric. For some years before his death, which took place in 1779, he held also the residentiaryship of St. Paul's. His published writings were not very numerous nor of great importance. The Bibliotheca Britannica enumerates ten sermons, which he sent to the press separately at considerable intervals; one of these had been preached before the house of lords. The interest which he took in the university of Cambridge led him to give to the world, in 1750, his views on its condition, in a work entitled "Academica," to which he did not prefix his name. His two letters on the principles and practices of the Methodists were also anonymous; and the Athenian Letters, published after his death by the earl of Hardwicke, contain some contributions from his pen.—W. B.
GREEN, John Richard. See Gifford, John.
* GREEN, Mary Anne Everett, a lady-writer, daughter of the Rev. Robert Wood, a Wesleyan minister, was born at Sheffield in 1818. Her earliest claims to attention were founded on the publication in 1846 of her "Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies of Great Britain, now first published with historical notices." Her next work, one purely original, was the "Lives of the Princesses of England," in six volumes, published during the years 1849-55, followed in 1856 by her edition of Rous' Diary (undertaken for the Camden Society), and in 1857 by a well-edited volume, the "Letters of Henrietta Maria, Queen-consort of Charles I." Mrs. Green (for in the meantime she had married) obtained through these works a reputation for knowledge of English history, and a character for research so high that, alone of her sex, she was included in the arrangements made by the Master of the rolls for the editing of the Materials for English History, the well-known and valuable series now in course of publication at the expense of the government, and under his auspices. The three important volumes of the "Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series," including the reign of James I., are due to her skilful industry. Mrs. Green is said to have in preparation a series of biographies of the English queens of the house of Brunswick.—F. E.
GREEN, Matthew, an English poet, was born in London in 1696. Very little is known of his life; his parents appear to have been in good circumstances, and were probably Quakers. If so, their son does not seem to have followed their example, as many passages in his poems show that he had a distaste to dissent—never went to meeting, and preferred "the state's mellow forms" to the "ill-tasted home-brewed prayer" of dissenters. Green's circumstances were sufficiently easy to allow him to write as a pastime. He had an office in the custom-
