sophy in the same university. This chair, however, he resigned in 1749. After making a tour to the continent, he commenced practice as a physician in Aberdeen, and married Elizabeth Forbes, the daughter of Lord Forbes, a lady of remarkable beauty, vivacity, and talent. Two years later he settled in London. The death of his brother James, however, in 1755, and the offer of his chair, induced him to return to Aberdeen. There he remained till 1764. He removed to Edinburgh on his appointment to the professorship of the practice of medicine in the university of that city. By an arrangement with Dr. Cullen, he and that eminent physician, during a long series of years, lectured alternately on the practice and theory of medicine, with much benefit to the university, which during this period rose to great eminence as a medical school. Dr. Gregory, from the age of eighteen, had suffered severely from gout. In 1770, his mother while sitting at table was attacked with this disease and suddenly expired. He prognosticated a similar fate for himself. On the 9th of January, 1773, he was, in point of fact, found dead in bed, a victim to the hereditary complaint. His works are his "Lectures on the Duties and Qualifications of a Physician," published first in 1770, and afterwards in 1772. He wrote a non-professional work entitled "A Father's Legacy to his Daughters," which has been much admired as the product of a kind and sensitive heart.—G. B—y.
Gregory, James, a distinguished physician and professor of medicine, son of the preceding, was born at Aberdeen in 1753. Educated at Edinburgh and Oxford, he took in 1774 the degree of doctor of medicine in the former university. The two following years he spent abroad. Returning to Edinburgh, he obtained in 1776 the chair of the theory of medicine, and fourteen years later that of the practice of medicine. While discharging his duties as a teacher, he acquired large practice as a consulting physician, and ultimately took his place at the head of the medical profession in Scotland. He died of fever on the 2nd April, 1820. A wit, a humourist, a lover of debate, an accomplished classical scholar after the Oxford model, and an able disciple of the Scotch metaphysicians, Dr. Gregory was long a prominent and much admired member of the literary society of Edinburgh. His chief works are the "Conspectus Medicinæ Theoreticæ," published in 1778; "The Theory of the Moods of Verbs," a dissertation which appeared in the Edinburgh Philosophical Transactions of 1787, and a collection of "Literary and Philosophical Essays," 1792.—G. B—y.
Gregory, William, who for a number of years filled the chemical chair in the Edinburgh university, was the fourth son of the preceding, and was born on the 25th December, 1803, in Edinburgh, where he was brought up to the medical profession. After graduating he spent some time abroad, visiting different continental laboratories. On his return to Edinburgh he became an extra-academical lecturer on chemistry. In 1837 he succeeded Graham as professor at the Andersonian Institution of Glasgow. There, however, he remained but a short time, resigning his appointment in order to lecture at a medical school in Dublin. In 1839 he was made professor of medicine and chemistry at King's college, Aberdeen; and in 1844 he was appointed successor to Dr. Hope in the Edinburgh university, where he remained until his death on 24th April, 1858. He was a member of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh. He worked in Liebig's laboratory in the years 1835 and 1841, and is chiefly known in England as one of the earliest and most able exponents of Liebig's theories. He edited the later editions of Turner's Elements of Chemistry, translated several of Liebig's works, and published the "Outlines of Chemistry." Among his researches we may mention specially his investigation of opium, of uric acid, of bitter almond oil, of hippuric acid, and of creatine; also his preparation of pure hydrochloric acid, of pure phosphoric acid, and his easy method of obtaining silver from the chlorides. In addition to his chemical attainments, he was a good microscopist, and has published, conjointly with Dr. Greville, a memoir on the Diatomaceæ.—J. A. W.
Gregory, Duncan Farquharson, a distinguished mathematician, brother of the preceding, was born in Edinburgh on the 13th of April, 1813, and died on the 23rd of February, 1844. His early education took place at the Edinburgh academy, and at a private school at Geneva. At the university of Edinburgh he studied mathematics under Wallace. In 1833 he entered Trinity college in the university of Cambridge, and there his knowledge of chemistry caused him to be for a time appointed assistant professor of that science. He was one of the founders of the Chemical Society of Cambridge. In 1837 he took the degree of bachelor of arts, with high mathematical honours. He then turned his attention to original research in mathematics, and by his labours contributed in an eminent degree to the advancement of the theory of the combination of symbols, or of operations in general, considered independently of the quantities on which they are performed—a theory which may be regarded as the distinguishing feature of the algebra of the present time. He was the originator and first editor of a well-known scientific periodical of the highest order, the Cambridge Mathematical Journal. In 1840 he became a fellow of Trinity college, and in 1841 a master of arts; and in that year and 1842 he held the office of "moderator," or principal mathematical examiner. He wrote a most interesting and instructive "Collection of Examples of Processes in the Differential and Integral Calculus," which was published in 1841, and a second edition of it in 1846; and a treatise on the "Application of Analysis to Solid Geometry," which he left unfinished at the time of his early death, but which was completed and published posthumously in 1846. A second edition of this work appeared in 1853.—(Memoir by R. Leslie Ellis, Camb. Math. Jour., vol. iv.)—W. J. M. R.
GREGORY, George, D.D., was the son of an Irish clergyman, and was born in 1754. He entered a counting-house in Liverpool, with the intention of following commercial pursuits, but afterwards went to the university, and took orders in 1778. A few years after he settled in London, where he became curate of St. Giles', Cripplegate, and evening preacher at the Foundling. In 1804 he was presented to the living of West-Ham in Essex, which he held till his death in 1808. Dr. Gregory was a diligent labourer in various fields of literature. His principal works are a "History of the Christian Church from the earliest periods to the present time;" "Sermons;" "Essays, Historical and Moral;" "Life of Chatterton;" "Dictionary of Arts and Sciences;" "Lectures on Experimental Philosophy;" "Letters on Literature." Dr. Gregory also published a translation of Bishop Lowth's Lectures on Hebrew Poetry.—J. B. J.
GREGORY, John, a learned English divine, was born in Buckinghamshire in 1607. In early youth he displayed a fondness and aptitude for learning which attracted the notice of several persons in his native place, who resolved to afford him means for obtaining a better education than could be given to him by his parents. Accordingly, at the age of fifteen he was sent, along with Sir William Drake, in the capacity of servitor to Christ Church college, Oxford. Here he applied to his studies with extraordinary diligence and success; and, even before he took his degrees in arts, which he did in 1628 and 1631, he had acquired great reputation for learning. He edited in 1634 Sir Thomas Ridley's View of the Civil and Ecclesiastical Law, which he enriched by a great body of learned notes. In 1638 Gregory became domestic chaplain to Dr. Duppa, bishop of Winchester; and when that prelate was translated to Salisbury, he obtained a stall in the cathedral. Gregory was deprived of his preferments by the parliamentarians during the civil war, and the last few years of his life were spent in obscurity, embittered by pecuniary distress. His death took place near Oxford in 1646. The work by which Gregory is chiefly known is "Gregorii Posthuma," published in 1650. It is in two parts, the first consisting of notes and observations on some passages of scripture previously published in the author's lifetime, and the second of eight theological tracts, which are replete with learning, but which do not possess much other merit.—J. B. J.
GREGORY, Olinthus Gilbert, an English mathematician, noted for his industry and ability in writing text-books of mathematics, physics, and mechanics, was born at Yaxley in Huntingdonshire on the 29th of January, 1774, and died at Woolwich on the 2nd of February, 1841. He was an intimate friend of Hutton, to whose encouragement his perseverance in scientific pursuits is partly ascribed. In 1798 he established himself as a bookseller at Cambridge, and shortly afterwards began to teach mathematics and astronomy there privately, in which pursuit he was very successful, although he never became a member of the university. In 1802 he was appointed mathematical master in the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, and was afterwards promoted to the office of professor of mathematics, which he held until induced to retire by failing health in 1838. In 1803 the degree of master of arts, and in 1807 or 1808 that of doctor of laws, were conferred on him by the
