classes—I. Legal; II. Theological; III. Historical; IV. Miscellaneous. Among the most important are—I. Legal: the treatise "De Jure Belli" before noticed; "Introduction to the Jurisprudence of Holland," in Dutch, Hague, 1620, translated into English by Herbert, London, 1845, and still a great authority in the British colonies subject to Dutch law; "Florum Sparsio ad Jus Justinianeum," Paris, 1642; "Mare Liberum," already noticed; "De Imperio summarum potestatum circa sacra," Paris, 1646; reprinted at Naples, 1780, "cum scholiis criticis et chronologicis;" a collection of legal consultations, &c. II. Theological: his works of this class were collected by his son Peter Grotius, 4 vols. 4to, Amsterdam, 1679, containing the commentaries on the holy scriptures; the treatise "De Veritate Religionis Christianæ," which has been translated into many European languages. An Arabic translation was published at Oxford, 1660, by Dr. Edward Pocock, the Eastern traveller. This treatise suggests the best scheme for foreign mission work—the advancement of the faith by the teaching and exemplary lives of traders and navigators. It has often been translated into English. A treatise in Latin, "On the Atonement," written against Socinus, in order to vindicate the remonstrants (the party of Grotius) from the charge of Socinianism; Englished, London, 1692; "Via ad Pacem Ecclesiasticam;" "Philosophorum sententiæ de fato et de eo quod in nostra est potestate." III. Historical: "Annales et Historiæ Belgicæ usque ad inducias anni 1609, lib. xviii.," a posthumous publication, Amsterdam, 1657, folio; "De Antiquitate Reipublicæ Bataviæ," Leyden, 1610, quarto, before noticed; "Parallela rerum publicarum," left in MS., and of which only a fragment has been published, Leyden, 1801, 4to; "De origine gentium Americanorum," Paris, 1642-43, maintaining their European extraction; "Historia Gothorum, Vandalorum, et Longobardorum;" left in MS., published at Amsterdam, 1655. IV. Miscellaneous: consisting of poems in Latin, Greek, and Dutch, collected by his brother William, Leyden, 12 vols. 1621; tragedies and translations before noticed, and editions of Lucan's Pharsalia, Tacitus, &c.
The life of Grotius has been written by many hands. We note one by Barksdale, 1652, 12mo; M. de Burigny's work in French, Englished 1745; Mr. C. Butler's in English, London, 1826, 8vo. Grotius' letters were published in Amsterdam, 1687, folio; his journal during imprisonment, and facsimiles of letters to his wife and others, Hague, 1842. After his death, his MSS. were purchased by Christina, queen of Sweden. Grotius left four children.—His second son, Peter de Groot, served the States in public embassies. He was accused of a crime against their high mightinesses, but acquitted.—Grotius' younger son, William, published "Enchiridion de Principiis Juris Naturalis," as an introduction to his father's great work.—Grotius' widow resided for some time in England. She was a communicant of the Anglican church.—In Boswell's Life of Johnson and Sancho's Letters, a descendant of Grotius is noticed as living in aged indigence in this country. He obtained a place in the Charter-house in the gift of the archbishop of Canterbury.—S. H. G.
GROTTO, Luigi, commonly called Il Cieco d'Adria (the blind man of Adria), born in that city in 1541, author of several tragedies and translations—amongst them the Iliad and the Georgics. He died at Venice, December, 1585.—A. C. M.
GROUCHY, Emmanuel, Marquis de, Marshal of France, was born at Paris on the 23rd October, 1766, of an old Norman family. Entering the army at fourteen, he was a subaltern in the gardes-du-corps, when the French revolution broke out; but, in spite of this and of the loyalist politics of his family, he embraced the revolutionary cause. Rising rapidly to a colonelcy, he fought under Lafayette in 1792, and after various vicissitudes, became a general of brigade, and commanded the cavalry of the army of the Alps, which conquered Savoy. Serving with great distinction in La Vendée, he was appointed in 1796 second in command of the expedition with which Hoche undertook the invasion of Ireland. In 1798 he served in the army of Italy, contributing powerfully to the conquest of Piedmont, where he was nominated commander-in-chief. At the battle of Novi he fell, fighting and manœuvring bravely and skilfully, pierced by a number of wounds, and was taken prisoner. Exchanged, after a captivity of four months, for an English general, he returned to active service, and at the head of a division aided Moreau to gain the battle of Hohenlinden. He made no secret of his attachment to Moreau; but this, though offensive to Napoleon, did not prevent the constant employment of so brave and excellent a commander. He distinguished himself at Jena, and notably at Eylau. At the battle of Friedland he commanded the cavalry in the absence of Murat, and subsequently, after the treaty of Tilsit, he was appointed governor of Madrid. After a brief withdrawal from military life he was summoned to Italy, and defeated the Austrian cavalry at Wagram. In the disastrous Russian campaign his services were of the highest value, and were recognized by his appointment to command the "sacred battalion," composed exclusively of generals and officers, which guarded the person of Napoleon during the retreat from Moscow. Nevertheless, the emperor refused him the command of a corps of infantry at the beginning of 1813, and he left the service. He returned to it, however, after the fatal battle of Leipsic, and distinguished himself in the series of conflicts on the soil of France, which preceded the Hundred Days. Dangerously wounded at Craonne, he once more withdrew into retirement; but deprived by the restored Bourbons of his command of the chasseurs, he joined Napoleon after the return from Elba, was created a marshal of France, and commander-in-chief of the army of the Alps. At Ligny he commanded the right wing, and on the day following that engagement, the 17th of June, 1815, in accordance with the instructions of the emperor, he pursued with a corps of upwards of thirty thousand cavalry, the retreating Prussians. His first orders were to advance towards Namur, for which Blucher was supposed to be making; his second, when "Marshal Forwards" moved towards Wavres instead of upon Namur, were to operate in the direction of Wavres, with the general view of preventing the junction of the Prussians and the English. He was executing this latter movement, when, on the 18th, the cannonade of Waterloo became audible. In vain his generals besought him to move on Mont Saint Jean. He pleaded the stringency of the instructions which ordered him to move upon Wavres; and when, between four and five in the afternoon, he received the commands of the emperor to join the right of the army at Waterloo, it was too late. An exile after the second restoration he took refuge in the United States, but was partially rehabilitated by a special royal ordonnance issued in 1821, when he returned to his native country, though not as a marshal of France. After the Three Days even this honour was restored to him, and he was nominated a member of the chamber of peers. He died on the 29th of May, 1847. Napoleon said of him at St. Helena—"At Waterloo Grouchy lost head. I would have gained that battle but for his imbecility." Others have charged him with deliberate treachery. Marshal Grouchy published several vindications of himself from both accusations; and since his death his son, General Grouchy, had added, with the same view, his quota to a controversy which it seems very difficult to settle satisfactorily.—F. E.
GROUCHY, Sophie, sister of the preceding, and wife of the celebrated Condorcet, born in 1764; died in 1822. She is known in literary annals chiefly by her translation into French of Dr. Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments, and his dissertation on the Origin of Languages. As an appendix to this translation she published her "Lettres sur la sympathie."
GROVE, Henry, a learned dissenting divine, descended from a family of nonconformists, was born at Taunton in 1683. He completed his education in London under the instruction of the Rev. Mr. Reive, a near relative of his own, and returning at the age of twenty-two to his native place, he soon acquired a high reputation as a preacher. In the following year he became director of an academy at Taunton, which assumed the rank of a collegiate establishment. The province first assigned him was ethics and pneumatology, but latterly the students in divinity were placed under his direction. He continued to discharge the duties of this position, officiating likewise in different pastoral charges, till his death in 1738. His first publication was a small piece entitled "The Regulation of Diversions," published in 1708 for the use of his pupils. About the same time he entered into a friendly controversy with Dr. Samuel Clarke on some of the arguments in his Discourse on the Being and Attributes of God. In 1718 he published "An Essay towards a Demonstration of the Soul's Immortality," and subsequently he gave to the world a variety of other works—"On the Evidence of our Saviour's Resurrection," "The Proof of a Future State from Reason," "Saving Faith," &c. Mr. Grove was honourably distinguished by the great moderation and good sense which he displayed during the violent disputes upon the Trinity, which so much divided the presbyterians about the year 1720.—G. BL.
