parte pardoning those who had revolted at Cairo. In 1814 he was made professor of painting in the école des beaux arts, and he became afterwards director of the French Academy at Rome, where he died in 1833. He was a member of the Institute of France, and of many foreign academies; and in 1829 he was created a baron. Guerin's works in their own style are extremely beautiful. Many of them are engraved, and several by Forster, as "Cephalus and Aurora" in the Somariva collection; and "Æneas recounting the fate of Troy to Dido," now in the Louvre, which is a gorgeous and elaborate work, especially in the costume and accessories; but it has the antique mannerism of the school to a very great degree—the classical sentimentality to a fault which is quite oppressive. It wants dramatic effect wholly; Æneas is not relating, nor is Dido listening; it is a mere juxtaposition of four elaborately painted figures.—R. N. W.
* GUERRAZZI, Francesco Domenico, statesman and author, born at Leghorn in 1805. In his youth he studied law in the Pisan university, but devoted his leisure to literature; one of his earliest productions is an "Ode to Lord Byron." Having previously, on political accusations, undergone a brief exile and various imprisonments, he, in January, 1848, took a leading part in that insurrection of Leghorn which entered a protest at once against the compulsory annexation of Pontremoli to Parma, and the apprehended Austrian invasion. Under the short-lived constitution conceded to his dominions by the grand-duke of Tuscany, Guerrazzi was a representative; and, by a powerful speech, overturned the cabinet. When the grand-duke withdrew to Gaeta, Guerrazzi, with Montanelli and Mazzoni, formed the triumvirate; shortly afterwards he was chosen dictator, and took the field successfully against General De Laugier. Gradually, however, he lost popularity; on the restoration of the grand duke was subjected to imprisonment; and, receiving sentence of exile, he withdrew to Bastia, where he occupied himself in composing various works of autobiography, history, drama, and fiction, including his well-known historical romance, "L'Assedio di Firenze." At a later period he obtained permission to remove into Piedmont, and continue there his literary labours.—C. G. R.
GUESCLIN, Bertrand du, whose political significance in French history is no less notable than his military glory, was born at the chateau of La Motte de Bron, six leagues from Rennes, in 1320, and died on the 13th July, 1380. He had the character equally persistent and turbulent, tough and rough, which is usually ascribed to the natives of Brittany. His family was noble, but not rich; and he had to cut out a path for himself, like so many men of his time, by the sword. Valour, vigour, prompt resources both of mind and body, he had in abundance; but he was singularly ugly and little more education had he received than the perfect use of arms. A wild youth followed a wilder childhood, and then he entered on his vocation—that of a soldier of fortune. French affairs were during the whole lifetime of Bertrand du Guesclin so closely interwoven with English affairs, that few readers perhaps are ignorant of the main events in this warrior's career. Du Guesclin did good service, first of all, as a partisan leader on the side of the French in the contest between Charles de Blois and Jean de Montfort for the succession to the dukedom of Brittany, in which the former, favoured by the French, was defeated and led captive to London. In 1351 du Guesclin came to England, with some other French nobles, to treat of the prince's ransom. However, Charles de Blois was not restored to liberty till 1356. Not for some time after the battle of Poitiers, which was fought the same year, did Du Guesclin take that prominent place which with increasing reputation and lustre he maintained till his death. After rendering substantial aid to Charles de Blois to whom his allegiance was more immediately due, Du Guesclin passed into the service of the dauphin—afterwards Charles V., who was regent of France whilst his father. King John, was a prisoner in England. Charles had much political sagacity; but was perfidious, cruel, and unscrupulous. In Du Guesclin he found an able instrument, as little troubled by scruples as himself. The French, with their usual exaggeration where a French name is concerned, always speak of Du Guesclin as the greatest captain of his age; but in every respect he was far inferior to the Black Prince, who was a true general; while Du Guesclin, with all his merits, was little more than a brilliant and successful condottière. On the 16th May, 1364, about a month after Charles V. ascended the throne, Du Guesclin defeated at Cocherel the troops of the king of Navarre. The 28th September following witnessed his own overthrow by the English at Auray. He was taken prisoner; Charles de Blois slain; and the result of the combat was, that Jean de Montfort was recognized as duke of Brittany. A hundred thousand francs were paid as the ransom of Du Guesclin. As soon as he was free, he took part in the civil war which was raging in Spain. Henry, count of Transtamare, sought to dethrone his brother Peter the Cruel, and summoned Du Guesclin, with his hosts of lawless soldiery, to help him. Peter, however, found a potent ally in the prince of Wales, who crushed Du Guesclin and the battalions of Henry at the battle of Navarette, on the 13th April, 1367. At this battle Du Guesclin was again taken prisoner; a still larger sum than before was demanded for his ransom. On the 14th March, 1369, the army of Henry, led by Du Guesclin, signally overthrow that of Peter, who was stabbed by his brother Henry the day after in the tent of Du Guesclin. Having left Spain in 1370, Du Guesclin was made constable of France; many other honours having already been conferred on him by Charles V. and by Henry of Castile. Du Guesclin justified his appointment to the high military dignity of constable by skill and indefatigable enterprise. He wrested from the English—no longer sustained by the genius and courage of the Black Prince—one stronghold after another. In July, 1380, Du Guesclin laid siege to Chateau Neuf de Randon. He fell ill; and the day before the place surrendered, he died. By order of Charles V., he was buried with regal splendour at Saint Denis. Only a few months did Charles himself survive. Du Guesclin has been classed by his countrymen with the founders of French unity; and assuredly no one inflicted more fatal blows on the English cause. He energetically prepared, if others achieved, the expulsion of the foreigner. But he scarcely deserves to be ranked with the noblest heroes.—W. M—l.
GUEST, Sir Josiah John, Baronet, a distinguished promoter of the iron manufacture and of the welfare of the workmen engaged in it, was born at Dowlais on the 2nd of February, 1785, and died on the 26th of November, 1852. He was the son of Thomas Guest, one of the proprietors of Dowlais iron works, and the grandson of John Guest, founder of those works, by whom, and by his partner Wilkinson, the smelting of iron-ore with coal was first introduced into South Wales. He passed his youth in assisting in the direction of the iron-works of his father's firm. On succeeding, in 1815, to the sole management of those works, he evinced extraordinary skill, both scientific and practical, in the manufacture of iron; by which, as well as by his great enterprise and energy, he prodigiously increased the productiveness of his works. In 1826 he was elected member of parliament for Honiton; and 1832 for the borough of Merthyr-Tydvil, then newly enfranchised under the reform act. In 1838 he was created a baronet. His skill as an iron-master was not more remarkable than the benevolence with which he laboured, in conjunction with his wife, Lady Charlotte Elizabeth Bertie, for the comfort, education, and moral improvement of the workmen in his employment and their families.—W. J. M. R.
GUETTARD, Jean Etienne, an eminent French naturalist, was born at Étampes in 1715. Destined for the medical profession, he studied botany under the celebrated Jussieu, was afterwards instructed in natural history by Reaumur, and obtained admission into the Academy of Sciences in 1743. The numerous papers which he contributed to this learned body recommended him to the duke of Orleans as a fit person to take charge of his extensive cabinet of natural history; and this situation he occupied during the rest of his life, enjoying a moderate pension and apartments in the Palais-royal. Guettard was a man of immense industry, and devoted his attention to every department of natural history, but was chiefly distinguished in mineralogy. In 1746 he published a memoir demonstrating the striking analogy between the mineralogical formations of France and England, a fact which was then quite new; and in 1752 he attempted to prove a similar resemblance between the mineralogical features of Canada and Switzerland. He was the first who called attention to the fact that the principal mountains of Auvergne appear to be extinct volcanoes, and he had the merit of discovering an earth in France similar to the material of the Chinese porcelain, which ultimately led to the establishment of the celebrated Sevrès manufactory. In 1780 he published the first part of a "Mineralogical Atlas and Description of France," a work of vast extent, which remained incomplete at his death in 1786.—G. BL.
