young heir of Balafré, and all the other male members of the family whom the king could reach, were seized and imprisoned.
Charles, fourth duke, born in 1571, was kept a prisoner in the castle of Tours for three years after the murder of his father, but made his escape in 1591, and along with his uncle the duke of Mayenne carried on for some time the contest against Henry of Navarre for the French crown. In the end he made his submission, was received into favour, and obtained from the king the government of Champagne and Provence and of several important towns. He was banished by Cardinal Richelieu in 1631, and died in exile at Cuna, near Sienna, in 1640.—His brother, Louis, Cardinal of Guise, lived the life of a soldier of fortune rather than that of a priest, and died of fever at the siege of St. Jean d'Angely in 1621.
Henry, fifth duke, second son of Duke Charles, was born in 1614, and was created archbishop of Rheims. But on the death of his elder brother and father he succeeded to the family estates and honours and quitted the church, which he strongly disliked. He was condemned to death for treason, but escaped to Germany, where he remained till after the death of Louis XIII. On the overthrow of Masaniello in 1647 he set out for Naples with the hope of gaining the Neapolitan crown. His romantic project was for a time completely successful, and he assumed the title of king of Naples, but his licentious conduct, indolence, and impudence alienated the people and ruined his cause. He was in the end taken prisoner by the Spaniards, and detained in captivity for four years. He obtained his freedom in 1652 and returned to Paris, where his licentious and foolish conduct covered him with ridicule. He died in 1664 leaving no issue, and was succeeded by his nephew—
Louis Joseph, sixth duke, who died of small-pox in 1671. His son Francis Joseph, seventh and last duke, died in 1675, in the fifth year of his age. The immense estates of the family passed to Marie, duchess of Lorraine, sister of Henry, fifth duke of Guise; and at her death in 1688 this great house, famous alike for its talents, its power, and its crimes, became extinct.—J. T.
GUISE, William, one of the most learned men of his time, was born at Abload's Court, near Gloucester, in 1653, and studied at Oriel and at All-Souls college, Oxford. In 1690 he translated into English and illustrated with a commentary Dr. Bernard's work entitled "Misnæ pars ordinis primi Zeraim Tituli septem;" also a tract "De Victimis humanis." He was preparing an edition of Abulfeda's Geography when he was seized with the small-pox, and died at the age of thirty-one.—G. BL.
GUITTONE. See Arezzo.
GUIZOT, Elisabeth-Charlotte-Pauline, née De Meulan, first wife of the eminent statesman of that name, and herself a literary and social notability, was born at Paris on the 2nd of November, 1773, the daughter of an opulent receiver-general. During childhood she scarcely displayed those intellectual and moral powers which she subsequently developed, and she seems then to have been noted for a certain languor of disposition, which, however, was rudely dispelled by the shock of calamity. Her father died in the year which followed the breaking out of the French revolution of 1789, leaving his affairs in a state of disorder, aggravated by the political troubles of that stormy time. The pressure of adverse circumstances evoked the girl's latent energies. Young as she was, she undertook the long and difficult task of collecting from the wreck of her father's fortune a provision for his family; and when this proved insufficient, she threw herself into literature. Her earliest works were two novels (published in 1799 and in 1800); thoughtful and refined, but wanting the more potent elements indispensable to success in fiction. She soon found, however, more suitable and more profitable literary employment. She became a leading contributor to the Publiciste, a journal established early in the present century by a friend of her father's, the well-known Suard, in whose salon she first met her future husband, M. Guizot, then a young man, obscure, but promising. The story of their marriage belongs to the romance of literature. In 1807 Mademoiselle de Meulan's health gave way, and menaced her literary labours with suspension. At this grave crisis she received one day, from an anonymous friend, an article written in happy imitation of her style, and accompanied by an offer to continue similar contributions until her health should be restored. The article was made use of, and was followed by a series from the same unknown pen. On her restoration to health, Mlle. de Meulan succeeded in discovering her benefactor—it was M. Guizot. The acquaintance ripened into affection, and five years afterwards she found herself Madame Guizot. She became immediately the literary helpmate of her husband. His edition, with the well-known notes, of the stock French translation of Gibbon's Decline and Fall (begun, we may mention, by Louis XVI. when dauphin, and completed by various hands) occupied her during the year of her marriage, and owes a great deal to her industry; to the same year belongs the publication of the first of her juvenile works, "Les Enfants." She also relieved her husband from much of the labour of editing the Annales d'Education, a task which familiarized her with the philosophy of education, and gave her intellectual efforts a tendency strengthened when, in 1815, she became a mother. For some years afterwards the position of the Guizots was not of a kind to require the results of literary drudgery; but when, in 1820, on the ministerial changes consequent on the assassination of the duke de Berri, M. Guizot and his political friends resigned their official situations, Madame Guizot resumed her literary tasks by herself, and in co-operation with her husband. She aided materially in the revision of the French translation of Shakspeare, which passed as Le Tourneur's, and a new edition of which was undertaken by M. Guizot. In 1821 she published "L'Ecolier, ou Raoul et Victor," to which the French Academy assigned in 1722 the Monthyon prize; and in 1823 appeared her "Nouveaux Contes." In the cultivation of literature, and presiding over a social circle that included most of the intellect and much of the rank of the French metropolis, Madame Guizot was living happily and usefully, when she was attacked by an illness which became dangerous in the spring of 1827. At the suggestion of her husband she had begun the composition of her most important work, the "Education Domestique, ou lettres de famille sur l'Education," and, in spite of illness, she had completed her congenial task; the work was published in 1826. The physicians advised a trial of the waters of Plombières, from which she returned to Paris in the summer—to die. On the 31st of July, 1827, she perceived that her end was at hand. She summoned her friends to her side, and bade them farewell. On the morning of the next day she asked her husband to read to her; he took down a volume of Bossuet, and began the funeral oration of Henrietta Maria of England. When he had finished, he looked towards her and saw that she was no more. A month after her death, her "Education Domestique" was crowned by the French Academy. In 1828 appeared her posthumous work, "La Famille," and in the same year two volumes of Remains, edited by her husband, with the title "Conseils de Morale, ou essais sur l'homme, la sociéte, la litterature." More recently M. Guizot has published her essay on Abelard and Heloise. Several of Madame Guizot's works have been translated into English.—F. E.
* GUIZOT, François-Pierre-Guillaume, was born at Nismes, on 4th October, 1787, the eldest son of François-André Guizot, and Elizabeth-Sophie Bonicel, his wife. His family was a respectable one of the middle class, and had resided long in the south of France. The father, François Guizot, was a barrister of some renown, and belonged like all his relations to the reformed faith. He resisted the terrible torrent of revolution which, between 1789 and the 18th Brumaire, flooded the entire country. For his conscientiousness and courage he lost his life. On the 8th April, 1794, he was decapitated in the name of that "Liberty" for whose sake as another of its victims, Madame Roland, said, "so much wrong was done." His widow was left with two children (boys), the eldest of whom, François, was then in his seventh year.
It has often been remarked of M. Guizot, that although a native of the most southern part of France, he is much more of a Swiss than of a Frenchman. The remark is true, and finds its explanation in his earliest years. After the loss of his father his mother fled from France, and took refuge at Geneva, where her sons were educated. In a merely educational point of view, there is no doubt that young Guizot found in Switzerland advantages that he would have vainly sought for in his own native country. His school achievements were wonderful, and at sixteen he was a first-rate Latin and Greek scholar, and thoroughly versed in the Italian and English languages, which last he to this day cultivates with predilection and success. In 1803 Madame Guizot returned to Languedoc with her sons, and the eldest was almost immediately sent to
