the "Torrents," the title being suggested by the last clause of Amos V. 24—"righteousness as a mighty stream." Her works at length amounted to forty volumes. After making journeys to many parts of France and Italy, and visiting the most famous religious houses, she returned to Paris in July, 1686. La Combe—the object of jealousy to his ecclesiastical superiors—was soon sent to the Bastile, and Quietism, or the doctrine of Molinos, ascribed to him, was declared to be similar to puritanism in England, and not to be tolerated. The espousal of Quietism by Madame Guyon brought trouble upon her too, and she was imprisoned, in 1688, in the convent of St. Marie, where she commenced the history of her life and wrote some of her tenderest poems. Fenelon took a deep interest in her; and on her release was won over to her side.—(See Fenelon.) Her great effort was to turn men from the outward to the inward in religion, from trust in external rites to direct living faith in the divine Redeemer. Many ladies of high rank benefited by her instruction; and even Madame Maintenon was among her admirers. But Bossuet, after several interviews with her, became her deadly opponent. Fenelon was involved in the controversy, condemned, and banished. First imprisoned at Vincennes, Madame Guyon was then transferred to Vaugirard, and thence ultimately to the Bastile, where she remained four years. On being released, in 1702, she retired to Blois, where she spent the remainder of her days—still pining for higher spirituality, and yearning to be lost in perfect and absorbing love to Christ. The sufferings she had undergone did not break her spirit, but they had undermined her constitution, and she died in 1717, aged sixty-nine. Her remains were interred in the church of the Cordeliers at Blois, and a monument was erected to her memory. Madame Guyon was in all respects a wonderful woman; her piety and her sufferings throw around her a peculiar charm. Nor is there less interest in her literary labours—her hymns, her letters, her theological treatises, her autobiography, and her voluminous commentary on the Holy Scriptures. Her decided religion in early life led to her immediate retirement from the gaieties and frivolities of the French beau monde in the reign of Louis XIV. Of course, she was at once exposed to the frowns and ridicule of all who misunderstood her nature, and could not appreciate that change which led her to forsake the "excess of riot" round about her. Madame Guyon's religion partook largely of mysticism. She bore her incarceration with serene patience, and solaced herself with the composition of many beautiful sacred songs. One of her servants, a tool in the hands of others, attempted to poison her; but she had more work to do, and she survived. Bossuet, so renowned in controversy, assailed her, but in vain—the religion of the heart could not be dislodged by polemics. Madame Guyon had a strong mind, a warm heart, and a refined imagination Many of our readers must remember Cowper's translation of several of her spiritual poems. Her theology, indeed, was defective. It did not grasp the cardinal doctrine of justification by faith, but was more absorbed in the duty of sanctification through love. It relished Christ within, rather than regarded Christ without, as atonement and intercessor. Her works are—"La Sainte Bible, ou l'Ancien et le Nouveau Testament;" "Discours Chrétiens et Spirituels;" "Les Opuscules Spirituels;" "Justifications de la Doctrine de Madame de la Mothe-Guyon;" "Poésies et Cantiques Spirituels;" "L'Ame Amante de son Dieu;" "Sa Vie, écrite par elle-même;" "Lettres Chrétiennes et Spirituelles."—(Life, by Upham.)—J. E.
GUYON, Richard Debaufre, a distinguished officer, who took a prominent part in the Hungarian war of independence, was born, 31st March, 1813, at Walcot, near Bath. His father was a commander in the English navy. Richard Guyon for a short time held a commission in the Surrey militia; but in 1831, at the age of eighteen, he entered the Austrian service, where he ultimately became aid-de-camp to Field-marshal Baron Splenyi, whose daughter he married in 1838. He soon after quitted the army, and, settling down on his wife's estates in the Comitat of Komorn, spent his time in the usual occupations of a country gentleman. In 1848, when the court of Vienna treacherously attempted to destroy the liberties of Hungary, Guyon was appointed with the rank of major to the command of the second battalion of Pesth volunteers, and in this capacity assisted in defeating the Ban Jellachich at Sukoro (29th September). In the battle of Schwechet (30th October), which terminated disastrously for the patriots, Guyon, with his raw and badly-armed troops, three times charged the Croats with the most heroic courage; and when his horse was shot under him, he led his men on foot, and carried the village of Mannswörth at the point of the bayonet. In the course of Görgei's masterly retreat through the mountains to the Zips country, Guyon commanded the advanced guard, and stormed (5th February), at the head of ten thousand men, the defiles of Branyiszko, which were defended by twenty-five thousand Austrians, whom he compelled to make a hasty retreat, leaving many prisoners and a great quantity of baggage in his hands, and thus clearing the way for Görgei's army. He commanded a division at the battle of Kapolna (26th February). A few weeks later he was appointed by Kossuth to the command of Komorn, which was at that time closely invested by the Austrians; but at the head of a troop of hussars, he broke through the enemy's lines, and, entering that far-famed fortress, announced to the desponding garrison the joyful and unexpected news that relief was at hand. He subsequently fought with his usual impetuous valour at the disastrous battle of Temesvar, where the Hungarian cause met with a final overthrow. On the surrender of Görgei (11th August) Guyon accompanied Kossuth, Bem, and other Hungarian leaders in their flight to Turkey. Though suffering the greatest privations, he steadfastly refused the most brilliant offers, when coupled with the condition that he should embrace the Mahometan faith At length the Turkish authorities were compelled to accept his services on his own terms, and he was sent to Damascus, with the title of Kourschid Pasha and the rank of lieutenant-general—the first christian who obtained this rank without renouncing his religion. When war broke out with Russia, General Guyon was sent (November, 1853) to the army of Asia Minor, and hastened with his characteristic rapidity to Kars, where he held the office of chief of the staff, and president of the military council, and by the energy and skill with which he organized the army and strengthened the defences, contributed not a little to the subsequent heroic defence of that place. General Guyon died of cholera at Constantinople, October 13, 1856. Görgei, with whom he had a quarrel, speaks slightingly of his military knowledge and skill, but admits that his personal valour was pre-eminent, and that he could be relied upon on the field of battle.—J. T.
GUYSE, John, an eminent dissenting minister of the independent persuasion, was born at Hereford in 1680; and after acting as minister in his native town, removed to London in a similar capacity in 1727, on the call of a congregation in New Broad Street. Guyse, who was remarkable for his charity and disinterestedness, died in 1761. Besides many tracts and sermons, he published "A Paraphrase on the New Testament," 1739-52, in three volumes quarto.—W. J. P.
GUYTON de Morveau, Louis Bernard, was born 4th January, 1737, in Dijon, and brought up to the law, his father being professor of jurisprudence in the university of that place. He pursued his studies first in Dijon, afterwards in Paris. Whilst still very young he became distinguished as an author of satirical pieces; and in 1760 was appointed general-advocate in the parliament at Dijon, which office he retained for twenty-three years. He set himself to study chemistry, and became one of the most distinguished chemists of his time. One of his first successes was his process for disinfecting-vitiated air. In 1776 he added to his other employments that of a lecturer on chemistry, delivering lectures in Dijon, which were well attended. In the following year he published a text-book, designed as a companion to his lectures. About the same time his attention was drawn to the industrial applications of his science; in 1778 he founded a saltpetre manufacture on scientific principles; and a few years later joined to it the first soda-works which were established in France. So famous had he become that the chemical part of the celebrated Encyclopédie Méthodique was intrusted to him. In 1786 he was made perpetual secretary to the Dijon Academy, which appointment brought him often into contact with the Parisian chemists. Personal interviews with Lavoisier converted him into a zealous supporter of the antiphlogistic theory. In 1791 De Morveau was sent to Paris as a member of the national assembly for the department Côte d'Or. In 1794 he accompanied the French army into Belgium, and made a balloon ascent for military purposes. On his return to Paris he was named professor in the école centrale des travaux publiques, which afterwards was known as the école polytéchnique. In 1795 he was elected one of the Five Hundred. He became subsequently general administrator at the mint, also director at the école polytéchnique; was created a
