esteemed of all his compositions, the grand opera of "La Juive," was brought out at the Académie in 1835, and was quickly imported into all the cities of Germany; it was given also with great success in London, but in the form of a speaking drama, with the omission of nearly all the music. Six months later, Halévy produced "L'Eclair," and in the same year, as if in confirmation of his rapidly growing public favour, he was made a chevalier of the legion of honour. On the death of Reicha in 1836, Halévy was elected to replace him as one of the three musical members of the Institût, and he was afterwards appointed secretary of that national establishment. He did not appear again as a composer until March, 1838, when the grand opera of "Guido et Genévra" was first played. "Les Treize" was produced in 1839; and "Le Drapier" in 1840; "La Reine de Chypre," and also "Le Guitarrero," were brought out in 1841. "Charles VI." was given in 1843; "Le Lazzarone" in 1844; and "Les Mousquetaires de la Reine" in 1846. "Le Val d'Andorre" was first played in 1848, and in 1850 was given in London by a French company and then adapted to the English stage, it being the only one of Halévy's operas that has been performed complete in our language. In 1849 he brought out "La Fée aux Roses," which was given in a mutilated form in London. In this year he produced also a choral cantata, set to a translation of some passages of Æschylus, entitled "Prométhée enchainé;" another composition of his, of the same class, is "Les Plages du Nil," and he likewise wrote several choral works for the church. In 1850 Halévy came to London to direct the rehearsals of "La Tempesta," which he composed for her majesty's theatre. The Italians who performed in this—and the public agreed with them—thought Arne's melody of "Where the bee sucks" (happily incorporated in the work to distinguish the character of Ariel), the best piece in the opera. This appropriation of Shakspeare's story was not successful in London, nor had it much better fortune when reproduced in Paris in 1851. "La Dame de Pigue" was brought out in 1850: "Le Juif errant" in 1852; "Le Nabab," 1853; "Jaquarita" in 1855; and "Valentine d'Aubigne" in 1856. Besides the numerous works that have been named, Halévy wrote several operas which have not been performed, a large number of romances, and a few pianoforte pieces. He died 19th March, 1862.—His brother Leon, a prolific writer, was born at Paris in February, 1802.—G. A. M.
HALFORD, Sir Henry, Baronet, a distinguished physician, was born at Leicester on the 2nd October, 1766. The son of Dr. James Vaughan, a physician in his native town, and the author of various important works on medical science, he was educated at Rugby, and afterwards at Christ Church, Oxford. Graduating in 1791 he continued his professional studies for some time at Edinburgh. In 1794 he was elected a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and settled in London. In 1795 he married a daughter of Lord St. John. His manners were graceful and prepossessing; and having all the qualities requisite to success as a fashionable physician, in a few years his income derived from professional sources rose from £200 to £10,000 a year. In 1800 he delivered the Harveian oration. In 1809 he succeeded to a large fortune on the death of his mother's cousin. He took the name and arms of Halford, and received a baronetcy. Conjointly with Dr. Baillie he was appointed physician to George III. He retained this position at court to the close of his career, being successively physician to George IV., William IV., and Queen Victoria. In 1813 he descended with the prince regent into the vaults of St. George's chapel, and was present at the opening of the coffin of Charles I. In the same year he published "an account of what appeared" on this occasion. The election in 1820 of Sir Henry Halford as president of the Royal College of Physicians was a more important event in his life; the interest which he took in this institution, when year after year to the end of his life he was re-appointed to the same office, being perhaps his chief claim to honourable remembrance. In 1825 he took an active part in opening the new College of Physicians in Pall Mall, East; about the same period he wrote a variety of essays, published in various places, on such subjects as gout, tic douloureux, the climacteric diseases, the treatment of insanity, the deaths of some illustrious persons of antiquity, and Shakspeare's test of madness—(Hamlet, act iii., scene 4.) In 1834 these were followed by a paper on the education of a physician; and in the following year by another, "On the Deaths of some Eminent Persons of Modern Times." In 1835 he again delivered the Harveian oration. A collected edition of his essays and orations had been published in 1831, another appeared in 1842. The essays are not remarkable for originality or depth of thought, but the Latin style of the orations has been commended for its purity and elegance. While engaged in an extensive practice, Sir Henry Halford found time occasionally to write Latin verses, which he at first contributed to the Gentleman's Magazine. They were collected in 1842, and published under the title of "Nugæ Metricæ." Highly esteemed for his urbanity and sound professional knowledge, this distinguished court physician died on the 9th of March, 1844.—G. B—y.
HALI-BEIGH. See Ali-Bey.
HALIBURTON, Thomas Chandler, was born at Windsor in Nova Scotia, on the 17th of December, 1796, being the son of the late Hon. Mr. Justice Haliburton, and descended from an ancient Scottish family. He graduated at King's college in his native place, where he studied law and subsequently became a barrister. Having been elected a member of the house of assembly, he was in 1829 appointed chief justice of the colonial court of common pleas, an office which he retained till 1840, when he was made judge of the supreme court. Previously to this last elevation he had devoted his leisure to literature; and in 1835 he contributed to a weekly paper in Halifax, Nova Scotia, a series of letters describing the character and career of "Sam Slick, the Clockmaker." The coarse vigour with which this quaint and vulgar personage was drawn, obtained for the letters a very great success. The author's popularity increased when in 1837 the letters were collected into a volume and published in England. Samuel Slick of Slickville became invested with the immortality that belongs to the most original creations of fiction. A second series of Sam's sayings and doings appeared in 1838; and a third in 1840. The "Attaché, or Sam Slick in England," published in 1843, was the fruit of a visit paid to this country in the preceding year. A second series was published in 1844; and the work passed through several editions. The "Attaché" and its author were severely handled in the North American Review for January, 1844. In 1847 Mr. Haliburton contributed to Fraser's Magazine a story entitled "The Old Judge, or life in a colony." Three years later Mr. Haliburton resigned his colonial judgeship, and exchanged the narrow field of colonial life for the wider sphere of political life in England. As early as 1828 he had published "A Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia," which was reprinted in 1839. In 1851 he criticised the colonial administration of England, in a work entitled "Rule and Misrule of the English in America." Lighter and more profitable publications followed—in 1852, "Yankee Stories," 12mo; "Traits of American Humour," 3 vols.; and in 1855 "Nature and Human Nature," which was reprinted in 1858. At the general election of 1859 he was chosen member of parliament for Launceston as a supporter of Lord Derby's policy; but although he showed an interest in colonial affairs, he did not distinguish himself in the house of commons, and at the election of 1865 he lost his seat. He was engaged in superintending a new edition of his principal works when he died, 22nd August. 1865.—R. H.
HALIFAX, Charles Montague, Earl of, statesman and poet, was born on the 16th of April, 1661, at Horton in Northamptonshire, the seat of his father, a younger son of the earl of Manchester. Charles Montague was his father's fifth son, and, as "the younger son of a younger brother," had to make his own way in life. He was sent at fourteen to Westminster school, of which Dr. Busby was then master, and distinguished himself under that famous pedagogue by his talent in extempore epigrams, and Latin versification generally. Proceeding to Trinity college, Cambridge, he became noted for his wit and sprightliness, already combining with them a certain practical turn, which made him afterwards one of the greatest financiers of the age. While among the foremost of the university wits, he cultivated more serious pursuits. He was one of the group of Cambridge scholars which formed itself round Sir Isaac Newton, and he co-operated with this illustrious man to found a philosophical society at Cambridge, on the model of that established at Oxford. It was his poetical skill, however, that first introduced him to the notice of the great. A university poem on the death of Charles II. attracted the attention of the witty earl of Dorset, who invited the young gentleman to town. Two years later he produced a wider sensation as the joint author, with his friend and fellow Cantab., Prior, of "The Town and Coun-
