very just criticism of Byron in his English Bards, for which, however, he subsequently made amends. He died at Feltham in 1820. Hayley was a follower of Pope, but at a vast interval; his popularity was the result rather of his personal amiability, fine tastes, and associations with other literary men, than of a genius that did not raise him much above mediocrity.—J. F. W.
HAYMAN, Francis, a historical painter of some repute in his time, was born at Exeter in 1708, and learnt painting under Robert Brown. He first attracted notice in London as a scene-painter, and was employed in 1756 by Jonathan Tyers in the decorations of Vauxhall Gardens; he earned his income, however, chiefly by book illustration. Hayman painted same pictures from Shakspeare and from Don Quixote, and some works on a large scale of Lord dive's victories in India. He was the second president of the Incorporated Society of Artists, an office he held until 1768, when he was chosen one of the original thirty-six members of the then newly-founded Royal Academy, and he was its first librarian. He died in 1776. He had several scholars, of whom the celebrated Gainsborough was one.—R. N. W.
HAYNAU, Julius Jacob, Baron von, born at Cassel in 1786, was an illegitimate son of William I., elector of Hesse, by Madame von Lindenthal. Entering the Austrian army, he served in the campaigns against Napoleon, and rose through the various military grades, until in 1844 he became field-marshal lieutenant. In the Italian wars of 1848-49 he was remarkable alike for military talent and for merciless severity. When the inhabitants of Brescia rose in arms to second Charles Albert in his final struggle, Haynau marched rapidly from Perugia, and invested the town, March 30, 1849. The defence was gallant; the punishment was terrible. The whole place was given up to fire and sword; nor did Haynau shrink from owning, in his official report, that the atrocities which shocked all Europe had been committed by his order. Soon afterwards the emperor recalled him to take command of the Austrian forces in Hungary. Haynau entered Raab on June 28; marching southward, he was at Szegedin on August 2nd, and in another week he entered Temeswar, after defeating the Hungarian forces on the banks of the Theiss. The Russian army did the rest. Until July, 1850, Haynau exercised an almost absolute sway in Hungary, and his rule was a veritable "Reign of Terror." He visited London; the workmen at Barclay & Perkins' brewery rose at him, mobbed him, chased him away, September 4, 1850. Few men blamed them very severely. He wandered over the continent, and narrowly escaped another beating at Brussels. At Paris the police protected him; but he was still hated and shunned as a man apart. Returning to Germany, he died in the autumn of 1853.—W. J. P
HAYNE, Thomas, a learned classical scholar and theological writer, born in 1581 at Thrussington in Leicestershire, and educated at Lincoln college, Oxford. In 1604 he became one of the ushers in Merchant Taylors' school, London, and was afterwards usher at Christ's hospital. He died in 1645, leaving funds to found a charity-school in Thrussington and two scholarships in Lincoln college.—G. BL.
* HAYTER, Sir George, portrait and historical painter, was born in St. James' Street, London, in 1792. His father, Mr. Charles Hayter, painter and professor of perspective to the Princess Charlotte, was known in his day as a highly successful teacher, and the author of two or three very useful and widely circulated works on drawing and perspective. Under his guidance Mr. George Hayter learned the rudiments of art, and then studied for some years in Italy. At first he practised miniature painting, and executed numerous portraits in chalk and crayons; but subsequently confined himself to painting in oil. In 1815 he was appointed miniature and portrait painter to Princess Charlotte and Prince Leopold. Mr. Hayter had given lessons in art to the Princess Victoria, on whose accession to the throne in 1837 he was named portrait and historical painter to the queen; and in 1841, on the death of Sir David Wilkie, he was appointed serjeant painter, or painter in ordinary, to her majesty. He was knighted in 1842. Besides such pictures as the "Marriage of the Queen and Prince Albert," and "Her Majesty taking the Coronation Oath," Sir George Hayter has painted numerous official and other portraits of her majesty, with many members of the court and higher circles; and he has also painted several historical pictures, some of them being of large size. Of these it will suffice to name his great work, "The First Reformed House of Commons," and "Latimer Preaching at St. Paul's Cross." Though his merits have received no academical recognition in this country. Sir George has been elected a member of the academies of St. Luke, Rome, Florence, Bologna, Parma, and Venice.—J. T—e.
HAYWARD, Sir John, one of the earliest of our historians, as distinguished from mere chroniclers, was born apparently about 1560, at or near Felixstow, on the coast of Suffolk. In that locality he received his early education, which was completed at Cambridge, where he took the degree of LL.D. His first work was the commencement of a Life of Henry IV., published just after the return of the earl of Essex from his Irish government, and dedicated to that nobleman. Some expressions in his book, taken in conjunction with his devotion to Essex, drew on him the hostility of the government, and he suffered a long imprisonment, which probably did not terminate until the death of the queen. With the accession of James, Hayward paid court to royalty, and published a reply to the jesuit Parsons on the succession. In 1610 he was appointed one of the historiographers, Camden being the other, of King James' abortive Chelsea college. He was patronized by Prince Henry, at whose instigation he completed his "Lives of the three Norman kings of England—William I., William II., Henry I.," published in 1613, and dedicated to Prince Charles, as was his disquisition, "Of Supremacie in matters of Religion," published in 1624. In 1616 he was admitted an advocate of doctors' commons, and was knighted, probably for his professional eminence, in 1619. Between 1615 and 1624, he published some devotional works, which seem to have been popular. He died in the June of 1627, leaving behind him a history of Edward IV., and some annals of the early years of Queen Elizabeth's reign. The "Complete History of Edward IV." was published in 1630, with a portion of that of Elizabeth. This work is reprinted in Kennet, and the "Lives of the Norman Kings" in the Harleian Miscellany. In 1840 Mr. John Bruce published, under the auspices of the Camden Society, the whole of the "Certain Yeeres of Queen Elizabeth's Reign," prefixing an excellent introduction on the life and writings of the author.—F. E.
HAYWOOD, sometimes spelt HEYWOOD, Eliza, described in the Biographia Dramatica as "perhaps the most voluminous female writer this kingdom ever produced," was born about 1693, and is said to have been the daughter of a London tradesman named Fowler. An unfortunate marriage, it is alleged, forced her into authorship by profession, to support herself and two children. It seems to have been before this that she appeared, in 1715, on the stage at Dublin, but met with as little success as that which subsequently attended her dramas. She made her début in literature by the publication of such works as the "New Utopia" (on the model of Mrs. Manley's New Atalantis), and the "Court of Caramania." As the authoress of these and very many other similar productions, she is classed, in the notes to the Dunciad, among "those shameless scribblers who, in libellous memoirs and novels, reveal the faults or misfortunes of both sexes, to the ruin of public fame or disturbance of private happiness." In the text of the satire, and with an obvious allusion to the irregularities of her life, she figures as one of the prizes for which Curll and Osborne contend:—
" See in the circle next Eliza placed,
Two babes of love close clinging to her waist."
Her biographers state that her later life and works were moral. Of these later works the chief is the "Female Spectator," 1744; but in it the voluptuous, if not the licentious element, is decidedly predominant. She died in February, 1756.—F. E.
HAZLITT, William, youngest son of the Rev. William Hazlitt, an able and accomplished Unitarian minister, was born at Maidstone, April 10, 1778. In 1787 he was put to a day-school at Wem in Shropshire, where he displayed unusual aptitude for learning. His letters to his family at this period exhibit an acuteness of observation, a ripeness of judgment, and a precocity of intellect, truly marvellous in a child of ten or twelve. In 1791 Hazlitt, now thirteen, addressed a letter to the Shrewsbury Chronicle, which the editor inserted, on occasion of the outrages offered to his idol Dr. Priestley at Birmingham. The composition, which the years of the writer render a marvel, is exceedingly interesting and curious: it is preserved entire in the "Literary Remains," published by Mason. At the age of fifteen (1793) Hazlitt, with a view to his profession as a dissenting minister, became a student at the Unitarian college. Hackney
