a determined opponent of plurality of benefices. His numerous works, consisting partly of commentaries on the scriptures and partly of treatises, theological, ethical, and educational, were written in a simple and impressive style, and passed through many editions.—R. M., B.
LAMBIN, Denis, better known by his Latinized appellation, Dionysius Lambinus, a distinguished classical scholar of the sixteenth century, was born in Picardy in 1516, studied at Amiens, and became professor there. After travelling in Italy, he was appointed in 1560 a professor of the Royal college at Paris. At the massacre of St. Bartholomew in 1572, he was so shocked by the murder of his friend Ramus, and so terrified by the brutalities which he witnessed, that he fell ill and died. As editor, critic, and commentator, Lambin will always retain the esteem of classical students. His Horace, of which the first edition appeared at Lyons in 1561; his Lucretius, published at Paris in 1563; his Nepos, Paris, 1569; his Plautus, left unfinished, Paris, 1576-77; and his Cicero's Epistles, Paris, 1573—are all excellent. His learning, sagacity, and accuracy are equally apparent in his other works.—B. H. C.
LAMBLARDIE, Jacques Elie, a French civil engineer, was born at Loches in 1747, and died in Paris on the 26th of November, 1797. He received his professional education at the école des ponts et chaussées, or school of civil engineering, then recently formed. He became distinguished for his skill in harbour works and coast defences; and in connection with the latter subject, his "Mémoire sur les côtes de la haute Normandie" is of high authority. His most remarkable engineering works were those of the port of Havre. He became successively director (along with Perronet) of the école des ponts et chaussées; and director of the polytechnic school.—W. J. M. R.
LAMBTON, John George. See Durham, Earl of.
LAMBTON, William, a British military officer and geodetician, was born about 1748, and died at Kingin-Ghaut, near Nagpore, on the 20th of January, 1823. He rose ultimately to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1801 the Marquis Wellesley, governor-general of India, gave him the charge of the trigonometrical survey of Hindostan. He continued to conduct that vast undertaking with great skill and success, and obtained results of high importance respecting the figure of the earth, until he was cut off by a fever in the active discharge of his duty. His researches are described in the Transactions of the Asiatic Society from 1807 to 1820, and in the Philosophical Transactions for 1818 and 1823. He became F.R.S, and a corresponding member of the French Institute.—W. J. M. R.
* LAMÉ, Gabriel, a distinguished French mathematician and engineer, was born at Tours, on the 22nd of July, 1795, educated as a mining engineer, entered the Russian corps of civil engineers, in which he attained the rank of colonel; returned to France in 1832, and became professor of physics in the polytechnic school, and afterwards, in 1848, professor of the science of probabilities in the Faculty of Sciences. In the department of mines he holds the rank of engineer-in-chief, and is a member of the Academy of Sciences. He is the author of a long series of papers on mathematical and physical subjects, which have appeared in the Annales de Chimie et de Physique since 1831; in the Mémoires des Savans étrangers since 1833; in the Journal de l'École Polytechnique since 1833; in Liouville's Journal since 1836; and in the Comptes Rendus since 1842. The most important among his many valuable researches are those—in some instances carried on jointly with M. Clapeyron—on the mathematical theory of the elasticity of solid bodies; and his chief separate work is a complete treatise on the same subject, "Léçons sur la Théorie Mathématique del' Élasticité des çorps Solides," Paris, 1852. He is also the author of a most excellent manual of physical science, entitled "Cours de Physique de l'École Polytechnique."—R.
LAMENNAIS, Hughues Felicité Robert de, was born at St. Malo in Brittany on the 19th of June, 1782—a town which was also the birthplace of Chateaubriand—and died at Paris on the 27th of February, 1854. He was the third and youngest son of Pierre Louis Robert de Lamennais, a rich merchant, who was ennobled by Louis XV. From the death of a beloved and noble mother while he was still in his infancy, and from other circumstances, the early education of Lamennais was somewhat neglected. His first instructor was an old uncle, a man of talent and learning, who taught him many things in rather chaotic fashion, and gratified his insatiable hunger for reading by allowing him the free use of his library. The favorite author of Lamennais was Rousseau, whose style his own considerably resembles. As soon as he discovered his own defects of culture he set about remedying them, with that resolute will and that pertinacity of purpose which were among his chief characteristics. He acquired a vast and varied, but perhaps not complete erudition. Influenced by the example of his brother, Lamennais adopted the profession of priest, but he was more than thirty before he received full orders. Tormented by that wild Celtic force which makes the natives of Brittany the most earnest of Frenchmen, Lamennais devoted much of his time to swimming and fencing, and was often on horseback. His serious studies did not hinder him from being a passionate reader of romances, and he amused himself with making lace i n the house of his sister. The youth of Lamennais was contemporaneous with the revival of religion in France—a revival, however, more sentimental, or polemical, or political, than thoroughly devotional. Lamennais does not seem to have been a man of a profoundly religious nature, but he felt belief to be indispensable to action; he detested mere semblances; he could conceive no community which was not an organic development; and he saw in religion the most powerful leaven of the community. Armed with an invincible logic, and with a magnificent though monotonous and unbending style, Lamennais determined to give utterance to this insight, to these convictions. From the beginning to the end we see in the career of Lamennais a sublime consistency. There was not much eventful in his life till the publication in 1817 of the first volume of his famous essay on "Indifference in Matters Concerning Religion." For nearly ten years he had already been an author—an author unregarded yet not wholly, for one of his earliest works, "The Reflections on the Condition of the Church in France," was in 1808 seized and destroyed by the imperial police. From 1811 to the beginning of 1814, Lamennais taught mathematics in a religious institution which had been founded at St. Malo by his brother. He was at Paris at the time of the first restoration, which he applauded, less as a monarchist, than as a strenuous apostle of religious regeneration. Dreading the imperial vengeance he, on Napoleon's unexpected return from Elba, sought refuge in Guernsey and then in England. During the few months of his residence in London he gained a meagre livelihood by giving lessons in a boarding school. Soon after the final overthrow of Napoleon, Lamennais exchanged the English for the French metropolis, where, or at a country-house near Dinan in Brittany, he passed the remainder of his days. Never did a man become so suddenly renowned and powerful as Lamennais through the successive volumes of the essay on Indifference. The essay roused the whole catholic church to its centre, and seemed to give it a more invincible position than it had ever held; high above all puny individualisms, the universal tradition, or conscience or consciousness of the human race, was upheld as the sole standard of truth, and the catholic church was declared to be the exclusive representative and interpreter of that tradition. Lamennais treated the assailants of his essay and its theories with boundless disdain, and sometimes with signal injustice, as in the case of the excellent and eloquent protestant minister, Samuel Vincent of Nîmes. The genius of Lamennais was eminently aggressive alike for purposes of antagonism and propagandism; therefore he entered into cordial alliance with the most enthusiastic ultramontanists, who cared for the throne only for the sake of the altar. Periodicals were established for the diffusion or defence of their views, and in the conduct of those periodicals Lamennais was thrust into every place of peril and pride. In June, 1824, Lamennais went to Rome to gain authority for his new ideal of authority. The pope, Leo XII., received him with warmth and favour; he wished to create him a cardinal, but this dignity he refused, as he had formerly rejected the offer of a bishopric from the Decazes ministry. Leo XII. is said to have esteemed Lamennais so highly as to place his portrait beside a picture of the Virgin; these being the only ornaments of his apartment. But the approbation and admiration of the pope helped in no measure to realize the dreams of him who has been called the modern Savonarola. Still faithful to his principles, Lamennais therefore preached a more direct and living bond between Christianity and freedom, and turning with disgust from the enthralment and apathy of the Galilean church, and from what he regarded as the farce of constitutionalism, he fulminated his prophetic words to the people. The result was his condem-
