under Vitringa and Roell. He afterwards discharged pastoral functions at Weeze, a village near Cleves; then at Duisburg; and in 1709 at Bremen, where he staid till 1720, when he was appointed to a professorship of theology at Utrecht, which he relinquished in 1727 for a similar post at Bremen, where he died in 1729. Lampe is regarded as the founder of a school of divines, the characteristics of which may be readily ascertained from his works. He studied hard and wrote much, mostly on theological subjects; and although his style is often diffuse, his works are equally respectable for their piety, good sense, and learning. His commentaries on the 45th Psalm, and on the Gospel by John, are still consulted by critics. The "Bibliotheca Bremensis," vols. i. to iii., was edited by him in conjunction with Hase; and he also edited a History of the Reformed Church in Hungary and Transylvania.—B. H. C.
LAMPE, John Frederic, was, as he styled himself, "some time a student of music at Helmstadt in Saxony." He arrived in England about the year 1725, and obtained employment in the opera band. In 1732 he produced his opera of "Amelia," which was highly successful, and in 1737 his "Dragon of Wantlery." Both were written by Henry Carey. The latter is founded on the old ballad of the same name, and is an admirable burlesque of the Italian opera. The extravagant love, heroism, and fury of the Italian stage are mimicked with great humour; and the songs, though ludicrous in the highest degree, are set in the Italian serious style of the day. The piece was published, with a dedication by Carey to Lampe, in which he says—"Many joyous hours have we shared during the composition of this opera, chopping and changing, lopping, eking out, and coining of words, syllables, and jingle, to display in English the beauties of nonsense so prevailing in the Italian operas. This pleasure has since been transmitted to the gay, the good-natured, and jocular part of mankind, who have tasted the joke and enjoyed the laugh." Besides his dramatic pieces, he composed a great number of popular songs; and in his attention to the emphasis and accent of English words, he may serve as a model even for our native musicians. In 1737 he published in a quarto volume "A Plain and Compendious Method of teaching Thorough Bass," the rules of which are excellent. In 1750 he went to reside at Edinburgh, and was much esteemed and respected by the patrons of music in that city, but in 1751 he was seized with an illness, of which he died at the age of fifty-nine.—E. F. R.
LAMPI, Giovanni Battista, a celebrated historical and portrait-painter, a native of the Tyrol, was born in 1751, and studied under his father, Matt. Lampi, and in the academy of Verona. Whilst yet a boy he painted an altar-piece and several pictures at Salzburg. After a brief residence in Trent and Innspruck he removed to Vienna, where about 1786 he was nominated by the emperor, Joseph II., member of the Imperial Academy, professor, and councillor. In 1787 he was invited by Stanislaus Augustus II. to Warsaw, where he executed several important commissions. Thence he went in 1791 to St. Petersburg, where he painted, among other things, a life-size portrait of the Empress Catharine II. In 1798 he returned to Vienna, and continued to reside there till his death in 1830. For the various churches of Vienna and the neighbourhood he painted a great many altar-pieces; his portraits include those of the emperor and royal family of Austria, the king of Sweden, &c.—His eldest son and scholar, Gio. Battista, was also a painter of considerable note. Born at Trent in 1775, he went to St. Petersburg in 1797, where he remained thirteen years. He was nominated member of the Imperial Academy of Vienna in 1813, and died in that city in 1837.—J. T—e.
LAMPILLAS or LLAMPILLAS, Francisco Xavier, a Spanish jesuit, was born in Catalonia in 1731. He became professor of polite literature at Barcelona, but was exiled with the rest of his order in 1767, and removed to Italy, where he remained till his death in 1810. While in Italy he resided chiefly at Genoa, and was mainly occupied in literary pursuits. His works are written in Italian, and indicate a considerable acquaintance with its language and literature. Tiraboschi and Bettinelli, having depreciated the literature of Spain, Lampillas wrote his "Saggio storico-apologetica della Letteratura Spagnuola," which appeared at Genoa in 6 vols. 8vo, 1778-81. This work consists of separate dissertations, and besides giving an account of Latin poets born in Spain, endeavours to show that Spain has the literary pre-eminence over Italy in various respects. Notwithstanding that it fails to establish the author's principles, it is a valuable work, and will always be read with interest. It was very popular in Spain, and won a pension for its author, whose only other works of any value arose out of the controversy which this excited.—B. H. C.
LAMPLUGH, Thomas, D.D., Archbishop of York, was descended from an ancient family in Cumberland, and was born at Thwing in Yorkshire in 1615. Educated at St. Bege's, he proceeded to Oxford, where he became fellow of Queen's college. He obtained rapid preferment; but there is no proof that he was such a timeserver as he has been described. He was successively rector of Binfield, of Carlton in Ottmore, principal of Albanhall. archdeacon of London, prebendary of Worcester, vicar of St. Martins-in-the-Fields, Westminster, dean of Rochester, bishop of Exeter, and archbishop of York. This last honour he obtained from the gratitude of James II., at almost the last moment of that monarch's reign; for, when William of Orange landed in England and marched towards Exeter, Lamplugh, then bishop, exhorted the people to stand firm to King James. Finding his speech of no avail he went to London, and Clarendon mentions the fact that he saw him kiss the king's hands. James, touched by this loyalty in the hour of general defection, conferred the archbishopric, which had been vacant two years, on Lamplugh, who was enthroned by proxy on 19th December, 1688, in his seventy-fourth year. He died at Bishopsthorp, 5th May, 1691. See Drake's York.—R. H.
LAMPRIDIO, Benedetto, schoolmaster and Latin poet, born at Cremona towards the end of the fifteenth century; died about 1540. He resided successively in Rome, in Padua, and at the Mantuan court, where Duke Frederigo Gonzaga intrusted to him the education of his son Francesco. His poems are included in various collections; and his imitations of Pindar, though somewhat severely criticised by Paulus Jovius, have been reckoned in vigour not unworthy of their model.—C. G. R.
LAMPRIDIUS, Ælius, one of the six scriptores historiæ Augustæ. He flourished about 300. His name is attached to the biographies of Commodus, Antoninus Diadumenus, Elagabalus, and Alexander Severus. The first and third are dedicated to Diocletian, the fourth to Constantine, the second has no dedication. In the palatine manuscript, all the lives from Adrian to Alexander Severus, inclusive, are ascribed to Ælius Spartianus; and Vopiscus, who enumerates the historians that preceded him, Trebellius Pollio, Julius Capitolinus, Ælius Lampridius, makes no mention of Spartianus. Hence Salmasius argues that both names belong to one person, Ælius Lampridius. On the other hand the lives of Commodus and Diadumenus closely resemble those of Marcus Aurelius and Macrinus, attributed to Capitolinus. But discussion is idle where evidence is wanting—R. M., B.
LANA or LANA-TERZI, Francesco de, an Italian physicist, sometimes designated by the Latinized name of Franciscus Tertius de Lanis, was born at Brescia of a noble family, on the 13th December, 1631, entered the order of jesuits in 1647, was successively professor of several branches of science in the colleges belonging to his order in various parts of Italy, and died at Rome on the 26th of February, 1687. He made experiments on various physical phenomena, such as the variation of the compass, and the pressure of the air at different heights. His principal work, entitled "Prodrome, ovvero Saggio di alcune Invenzioni," &c., contains the description of many curious projects, including that by which he is chiefly known at the present time, namely, a proposal for flying by means of the buoyancy of globes of thin metal exhausted of air, which is impracticable only by reason of the impossibility of making such globes at once light enough to fly, and strong enough to resist the external pressure.—W. J. M. R.
LANCASTER, Sir James, an English navigator, had an important share in the establishment of a direct trade between England and the East Indies, towards the close of the sixteenth century and the commencement of the ensuing period. He commanded one of a fleet of three vessels despatched by the merchants of London in 1591; the first maritime adventure to the East that had been undertaken by the English nation for purposes of commerce. Lancaster reached the Eastern seas, visited Malacca, and afterwards Ceylon, whence he obtained a valuable cargo of pepper and other spices. But the termination of the adventure was unfortunate. Upon his homeward voyage Lancaster sailed to the West Indies, where, after encountering severe storms, he was abandoned, with part of his crew, on the desert island of Mona, midway between San Domingo and Porto Rico. A French vessel
