must be equally instructive and agreeable." From Edinburgh Lord Henry Petty proceeded to Trinity college, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. in 1801. In the following year he was sent to the house of commons as member for what may be called the family borough of Calne—as representative of which, through the Lansdowne influence, the late Lord Macaulay first entered parliament. His maiden speech was not delivered till 1804, and the subject was the currency question, in connection with the operation of the bank restriction act on the well-being of Ireland. It was lucid and effective, and followed up in 1805 by an animated speech in answer to Mr. Pitt, on the charge of corruption brought against Henry Dundas, Lord Melville. Lord Henry Petty's political reputation was now so high that, apropos of his candidature for the university of Cambridge, Francis Horner writes of him in the January of 1806:—"I talk of him as if he were already a minister—almost all the world talks of him as on the high road to it; and Mr. Fox regards him as his successor in the only station he has ever held, or may perhaps ever hold." Lord Henry Petty gained his election, and Horner's prediction was soon verified. Mr. Pitt died on the 23rd of January, 1806, and at the beginning of February was formed, under Lord Grenville, the ministry of "all the talents," in which Lord Henry Petty was chancellor of the exchequer. His elaborate financial statement made in committee on the 27th January, 1807, proves his aptitude for figures, and is one of the few of his speeches that have been published by himself. His representation of the university of Cambridge and his tenure of the chancellorship of the exchequer were, however, both of them short-lived, and expired together in the spring of 1807. From 1807 to 1809 he represented Camelford. The Grenville ministry was dismissed in the March of that year, and Lord Henry Petty did not again take office until the formation of the Goderich ministry in 1827. He married in 1808 the fifth daughter of the second earl of Ilchester (she died in 1851); and Horner sketches a pleasant picture of the quiet and simple life led by the newly-married pair in an old country house in the midst of old trees. In 1809, on the death of his elder half-brother, Lord Henry Petty became marquis of Lansdowne, and took his seat in the house of peers. From this time up to the era of the reform bill. Lord Lansdowne by his speeches and votes co-operated zealously with his party in behalf of the policy and measures which have become historical. The only one of his speeches of this long period which he gave to the public, was an elaborate and detailed argument on the 15th March, 1824, for the immediate recognition by the British government of the independence of the South American republics. In 1827, in Lord Goderich's short-lived administration. Lord Lansdowne was home secretary. The key to his subsequent political career may be found in an expression used by him in a conversation with the poet Moore, recorded by the latter in his Diary. In January, 1828, when the triumph of liberalism was evidently approaching, Moore spoke to Lord Lansdowne of the political position which he ought to occupy. Lord Lansdowne's reply, delivered "with earnestness," was—"I cannot be ambitious." In Lord Grey's first reform ministry, and in both the ministries of Lord Melbourne, the marquis of Lansdowne filled the dignified office of president of the council. On the fall of the second Melbourne ministry in 1841, and the comparative withdrawal of its head from public life, Lord Lansdowne became the leader of the liberal party in the house of lords, a position which he retained till 1852, discharging its delicate and difficult duties with remarkable urbanity as well as firmness. On the fall of Sir Robert Peel, and the formation of Karl Russell's ministry in 1846, Lord Lansdowne became once more president of the council; and it was under his superintendence that our present system of educational grants, administered by a committee of privy council, first received a great expansion. On the resignation of Earl Russell in the spring of 1852, Lord Lansdowne resigned not only his office, but his leadership of the house of lords, in a speech cordially responded to by Lord Malmesbury as the organ of the conservative peers. In it Lord Malmesbury spoke of his political opponent as "the highest authority in this house, in experience, in dignity of bearing, and in courtesy of manner." In subsequent liberal administrations (including the coalition ministry of Lord Aberdeen), Lord Lansdowne held a seat in the cabinet without office; and on the occurrence of a grave political crisis his "temperate wisdom" was more than once made available by the crown. Lansdowne House shares with Holland House the lustre of having been for a long period a centre of intellectual society. Lord Lansdowne was always a liberal patron of literature, art, and science. The poet Moore had special reason to be grateful to him. It was under the wing of Lord Lansdowne at Bowood that the author of the Irish melodies established himself at Sloperton cottage. To extricate him from his Bermuda difficulty, Lord Lansdowne placed spontaneously £1000 in the hands of the late Mr. Longman, the publisher; and to Lord Lansdowne, in recognition of long kindness, Moore dedicated the collected edition of his works.—F. E.
LANSDOWNE. See Granville, George.
LANTIER, Etienne François de, a French author, born at Marseilles in 1734; died there in 1826. He began by writing for the theatre, and attained some reputation; but his most popular work was the "Voyage d'Antenor," a sort of imitation of the Anacharsis.—P. E. D.
LANUZA, Jerome Baptist de Sellan de, surnamed the Dominic of his age, was born at Ixar, in the diocese of Saragossa, in 1553. He became a dominican, and was provincial of his order, in which capacity he petitioned Philip III. against the silence which the popes had enjoined on the subject of grace. In 1616 he was made bishop of Balbastro, and in 1622 bishop of Albarazin, where he died in 1625. He wrote homilies for Lent, and some practical theological treatises, the former in Spanish, and the latter in Latin.—B. H. C.
LANZI, Luigi, a learned antiquary and historian of the fine arts, born at Monte dall' Olmo, March of Ancona, on the 14th June, 1732, his father being a distinguished physician; died of apoplexy in Florence, the 30th March, 1810. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1749, and became a successful professor of rhetoric. The order being suppressed in 1773, he was nominated sub-director in the gallery of Florence, and in 1790 archæologist to the grand duke of Tuscany. His sojourn in Florence was interrupted after the battle of Bassano, 8th September, 1796; but he resumed his appointment there in 1801. He was personally esteemed as a man of piety. The work by which Lanzi has established a European reputation is the "Pictorial History of Italy, from the Revival of the Fine Arts till towards the end of the Eighteenth Century," published from 1792 to 1796. This is a work written from the critic's or connoisseur's point of view, eschewing those personal and intimate traits of the painters' lives which make Vasari's work such attractive and essentially interesting reading. Instead of this, Lanzi is careful in distinguishing and characterizing schools, tracing the influence and productions of masters, and following these through their variations of style and technical aim. The tone of the book, like its conception, is that of a connoisseur, well capable of holding an eminent position among his fellows, but not having that original strength and independence of perception which could give him any lofty influence over men's minds. The "History" is a standard work, however, within its limits. Lanzi wrote some other works upon subjects of art and archæology, including essays on the Etruscan language and vases; also an esteemed translation of Hesiod in Dante's metre (the terza rima); some Latin poems of good style, &c.—W. M. R.
LAO-TSE or LAO-KIUN, an eminent Chinese philosopher who lived in the sixth century before Christ, was the contemporary of Confucius, and the founder or head of the Taose sect, familiar to students of Chinese history as the rivals of the Buddhists. He is said to have lived in solitude, and to have given himself to meditation upon truth and virtue, although he was archivist at the court of the Chinese monarch. It is reported that he left the court and withdrew into some secret place, having, however, first written his celebrated work, the "Tao-tee-king." Lao-tse believed in the existence of a supreme Being, immaterial and incomprehensible, almighty, and exercising universal control. Man finds his perfection in identifying himself with this Being, and imitating his eternal and undisturbed quiet. The "Tao-tee-king" has had many commentators, and was translated into French in 1842 by S. Julien.—B. H. C.
LA PÉROUSE, Jean François de Galaup de, Comte de, a celebrated French navigator, was born near Albi, in the department of the Tarn, August 22, 1741. At the age of fifteen he entered the navy, and served as a midshipman at the battle of Belle Isle, in which the French fleet under Conflans was defeated by Admiral Hawke in 1759. La Pérouse was wounded and taken prisoner, but soon obtained his release and returned to his duties. In 1773 he visited the East Indies, where he remained until 1777.
