version of the Bible, first published at Wysolyn in 1589. It afterwards appeared at Hanau in 1608; Oppenheim in 1612; Amsterdam in 1645, 1684, and 1685, and at other places. Besides the help which the Vulgate afforded, Karoli made use of what had been done by Vatablus, Pagninus, Munster, and Tremellius. He was much esteemed as a philosopher, theologian, philologist, and preacher.—D. W R.
* KARR, Jean Baptiste Alphonse, born at Paris on the 4th November, 1808, was the son of a music-master, enjoying a high reputation as a pianist. Entering the collège Bourbon, he acquitted himself with distinction as a student he became one of the teachers in the same seminary, when his studies were completed. He then wrote sentimental verses. Some of his poetical productions he sent to the editor of the Figaro, who commended his efforts, but recommended him to abandon verse for prose. He adopted the advice, and in 1832 published a novel entitled "Sous les tilleuls." Meeting with success, it was followed in 1833 by "Une heure trop tard;" in 1834 by "Fa Dièze;" in 1835 by "Vendredi soir;" and in 1836 by "Le chemin le plus court"—works which secured for their author a place among the most popular writers in France. Between 1838 and 1842 M. Karr wrote a series of tales which have been much admired. They included "Geneviève," one of the author's most graceful productions. During the same period he became editor of the Figaro, and established a satirical publication named "Les Guêpes." It was a criticism in this work which provoked a sensitive female writer to make an attempt upon his life. The injured woman, armed with a dagger, hid herself in the street near the author's house; she sprung upon him as he passed, and attempted to stab him. The assault fortunately resulted in nothing more serious than a slight wound on the back. After this time M. Karr devoted much attention to horticulture, contributing to the press many articles on floriculture and flower shows. In 1845 he turned to account the knowledge he had acquired on these subjects in a work entitled "Voyage autour de mon Jardin," which has been translated into English. Since then his chief works are "La famille Alain," 1848; "Histoire de Rose et de Jean Duchemin," 1849; "Clovis Gosselin," 1851; "Agathe et Cécile;" "Fort en thème;" and "Promenades hors de mon Jardin." His works display much fertility of invention and originality of thought. They abound with felicitous and graphic touches, which impress the reader with the conviction that the author is drawing his inspiration from personal reminiscences, and they everywhere display a mixture of light and piquant irony with poetic feeling, which gives them a peculiar charm.—G. B—y.
KARSCH, Anna Louisa, a German poetess, was born near Schwiebus, 1st December, 1722, of humble parents, of the name of Dürbach. She received no regular education; became a servant girl, and in her seventeenth year was married to a clothmaker named Hirsekorn, from whom, after a most unhappy marriage, she was divorced. Some time after she married a tailor of the name of Karsch, a drunkard, who soon reduced his family to the most miserable condition. Notwithstanding these terrible afflictions, she had read much, and even made herself known by her poems. She was invited to Berlin, where she was patronized and admired both by the artistocracy and the foremost poets of the time. The publication of her select poems in 1764 produced the then enormous sum of two thousand thalers. King Frederick William II. built a house for her, where she died 12th October, 1791. She was the mother of Karoline Louise von Klencke, and grandmother of Helmina von Chezy, both of whom were distinguished as poets.—K. E.
KARSTEN, Karl Joseph Bernhard, a mineralogist, born at Butzow, 1782. Having devoted himself to the study of mineralogy, he filled successively various posts connected with the mines of Silesia, and in 1819 was appointed superior mining councillor at Berlin. His works, which are numerous, have tended much to elevate metallurgy in Germany to its present degree of perfection. Died in 1853.—W. B—d.
KATE, Lambert ten, a Dutch theological and philological writer of considerable ability. He lived in the former part of the eighteenth century, and his "Introduction to the Dutch language" is celebrated as a most valuable contribution to philology. He wrote other philological works, and a "Life of Christ," and collected an excellent museum of paintings, &c.—B. H. C.
KATER, Henry, a British military officer and man of science, was born at Bristol on the 16th of April, 1777, of a family of German extraction, and died in London on the 26th of April, 1835. In 1808 he entered the army, in which he attained the rank of captain and the appointment of brigade-major of the eastern district. He was for some time employed on the Indian survey, then conducted by Colonel Lambton. In 1818 he became a fellow of the Royal Society. His scientific labours were directed chiefly to mechanics, geodesy, and astronomy, and were characterized by great industry and exactness. Most of their results are to be found in the Philosophical Transactions from 1813 to 1830. His only separate work was a treatise on mechanics, published in Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopædia. Two of his scientific inventions are of very great utility. One is the "reversible pendulum;" being a bar which is made to oscillate when hung alternately from two points of suspension at opposite sides of its centre of gravity, the position of those points being adjusted until oscillations are performed about them in exactly equal times: the distance between these points then gives, according to a well-known mechanical principle, the length of the equivalent simple pendulum. By means of this instrument Kater ascertained, in 1818, the length of the simple pendulum vibrating seconds at London with a degree of accuracy unattained before.—(Phil. Trans., 1818-19.) The other is the "collimator," a valuable instrument for the adjustment of astronomical telescopes.—(Phil. Trans., 1825-29.) He made various important verifications and comparisons of the standards of weight and measure in Britain, France, and Russia.—W. J. M. R.
KATONA, Istvan, the Hungarian historian, was born in 1732 at Papa, about eight leagues from Raab, and about the age of eighteen entered the order of the Jesuits. He was afterwards professor of several departments of learning at Buda. He died in 1811. Katona was a most laborious student and writer, and his Latin style and general accuracy have been often commended. Among his works we may name—"Synopsis Chronologica," in 2 vols. 8vo; "Historia critica primorum Hungariæ Ducum," 8vo; "Historia critica Regum Hungariæ stirpis Arpadinæ," in 8 vols. 8vo; "Vindiciæ Cleri Hungariæ," 8vo; "Historia critica Regum stirpis Austriacæ," in 41 vols. 8vo; "Epitome chronologica rerum Hungaricarum," &c., in 3 vols. 8vo, &c. A complete list may be seen in Jöcher (Rottermund's supplement). His great work appeared in 1795 and succeeding years; but on its first appearance the reign of Leopold I. was left out, because the author had not been permitted to write it; he, however, subsequently obtained permission, and lived to see the whole published. This work is the more valued for its biographical and bibliographical sketches.—B. H. C.
KAUFFMANN, Johann Gottfried, a German mechanician, was born in 1752 at Siegmar, near Chemnitz, and died in 1818 at Frankfort-on-the-Maine. He invented, constructed, and exhibited many ingenious self-acting musical instruments. His sons, Frederick and Theodore, were distinguished for skill of the same kind.—W. J. M. R.
KAUFMANN, Maria Angelica, was born at Schwarzenberg, near Bregenz, in the Vorarlberg in 1742. Her father, Joseph Kaufmann, who was a portrait-painter, soon discovered his child's ability, and bestowed great care on her education; he took her when still young to Milan, and in 1763 to Rome. In 1765 Angelica visited Venice, and in that year came with Lady Wentworth to England, where she was well received, and upon the foundation of the Royal Academy in 1768 was elected one of the original thirty-six members. In 1781 she married Antonio Zucchi, a Venetian painter and an associate of the academy in London. They went together to Rome in 1782, where Angelica died in 1807. Though Angelica was a very feeble painter, she was a very accomplished woman, especially in languages. The celebrated Winckelmann was astonished at her facility in speaking German, Italian, French, and English. The prints after her works are numerous, and she engraved some plates herself.—(Lipowsky, Baierisches Künstler-Lexicon; Göthe, Winckelmann und sein Jahrhundert.)—R. N. W.
* KAULBACH, Wilhelm, director of the Munich Royal Academy of Art, and one of the most distinguished painters' in Germany, was born at Arolsen in Waldeck, October 15, 1805. In 1822 he entered the Düsseldorf academy, where he studied painting under the director Cornelius with so much success that, on his master's removal to Munich in 1825, he invited Kaulbach to accompany him as his assistant in painting the frescoes in the Glyptothek, the Hofgarten, &c. Whilst so employed, Kaulbach
