value in a critical point of view. Levi entered the lists with Dr. Priestley, to whom he addressed a volume of Letters in 1787, and another in 1789. Two years later he published an edition of the Pentateuch in five volumes, containing the Hebrew and English on opposite pages. We next find him writing "Letters to Nathaniel Brassey Halhed," in reply to that gentleman's Testimony to the Authenticity of the Prophecies of Richard Brothers. He also produced a well-written answer to Paine's Age of Reason; three volumes of "Dissertations on the Prophecies;" a translation of the Hebrew Liturgy, and other works. He died in 1799.—B. H. C.
* LEVI, Leone, professor of the principles of commerce and commercial law in King's college, London, was born at Ancona, in June, 1821. Mr. Levi has distinguished himself by his zeal for the establishment of chambers and tribunals of commerce—the former to promote the interests of commerce, and the latter to be special courts for the adjudication of commercial cases. He has published disquisitions, pamphlets, and lectures on "Chambers and Tribunals of Commerce; and proposed Chamber of Commerce at Liverpool," 1849; "On the State of the Law of Arbitrament and proposed Tribunal of Commerce," 1850; the "Law of Shipping and Marine Insurance," 1853; the "Law of Nature and Nations as affected by Divine Law," 1855; and the "Prospective Results of International Exhibitions," 1856. Mr. Levi's most important contribution to the literature of commercial law, is the elaborate and laborious work published in 1850-52, the scope of which is sufficiently indicated in the title—"Commercial Law, its Principle and Administration, or the mercantile laws of Great Britain compared with the codes and laws of commerce in other mercantile countries." Mr. Levi commenced in 1856 the "Annals of British Legislation," a useful serial, in which the contents of parliamentary blue-books, &c., are epitomized.—F. E.
LEVITA. See Elias Levita.
LEVIZAC, Jean Pons Victor Lecoutz de, a French grammarian, author of "Levizac's Grammar," formerly well known in England. At the period of the Revolution he emigrated from France, retiring first to Holland, afterwards to London, where he engaged in tuition till his death in 1813. He wrote a grammar; a dictionary, French and English; some useful educational works; and some critical essays on French authors.—P. E. D.
* LEWALD, Fanny, a distinguished German authoress, was born at Königsberg, 24th March, 1811, of a respectable Jewish family; but in 1829 embraced the protestant faith. After travelling in Switzerland, Italy, France, and England, she settled at Berlin, where in 1854 she was married to the well-known professor, A. Stahr. Her novels bear testimony to her brilliant parts, as well as to her advanced politics; she stands in the first rank of the German authoresses of the day.—K. E.
* LEWALD, Johann Karl August, a prolific German novelist and miscellaneous writer, was born at Königsberg, 14th October, 1792. He led a most unsettled life, travelled extensively, then became an actor, and since 1848 has been manager of the Stuttgart Hoftheater. He was editor of several periodicals, and is particularly known for his elegant sketches and books of travel.—K. E.
* LEWES, George Henry, man of science and versatile littérateur, was born in London on the 18th of April, 1817. He received his early education partly in Jersey, partly at the well-known school of Dr. Burney at Greenwich. He entered young the office of a Russian merchant, which he quitted to become a student of medicine. The studies thus pursued have been of use to him in those later scientific inquiries to which he has devoted himself, after a long interval of cultivation of the belles-lettres and mental philosophy. Abandoning the study of medicine and becoming an author by profession, Mr. Lewes' first distinctions were won in the field of foreign literature. He had an intimate knowledge of French, Italian, Spanish, and German; and spending several years on the continent he made a personal acquaintance with many of the sommités of European literature. To the British and Foreign Review he was for many years a leading contributor, publishing in it, among other papers, a striking criticism on Göthe, whose biographer he afterwards became. Few men have contributed like Mr. Lewes to so many periodical organs of different schools. His miscellaneous essays are to be found scattered through the pages alike of the Edinburgh, the Westminster, and the British Quarterly Reviews, of the Monthly Chronicle, the Classical Museum, and of Fraser's and Blackwood's Magazines. Among his earliest books of note was the "Biographical History of Philosophy," published in one of Charles Knight's series. In this biography and criticism were blended, and the range of the work, from the dawnings of philosophical inquiry in Greece to its latest developments in Germany and France, was as striking as the catholicism and impartiality of its tone. On the life and works of Spinoza, of whom Mr. Lewes is a great admirer, he contributed an instructive and interesting paper to the Westminster Review. A library edition of the Biographical History of Philosophy, much enlarged and improved, was published in 1857, preceded in 1853 by Comte's Philosophy of the Sciences, a popular synopsis for English readers of the French thinker's system. A little volume on the Spanish drama, "Lope de Vega and Calderon," 1847, was also contributed by Mr. Lewes to Charles Knight's series of monthly volumes. In 1847 appeared his first novel, "Ranthorpe," followed in 1848 by "Rose, Blanche, and Violet," and in 1849 by a "Life of Robespierre," containing some curious extracts from the unpublished correspondence of the triumvir, of whom the biographer took a view much more favourable than the ordinary one. Mr. Lewes had been prominent in the theatrical performances, inaugurated by leading London men of letters for such unselfish objects as the alleviation of the pecuniary distresses of the late Leigh Hunt. In 1850 he had some thoughts of embracing the stage as a profession, and appeared on the boards in his own tragedy, "The Noble Heart." At the call of journalism, however, he abandoned the buskin, though not dramatic composition. Among his subsequent pieces for the theatre was "The Game of Speculation," adapted from Balzac's Mercader le Faiseur, and which, very successful at its first appearance, still keeps possession of the stage. With the opening of 1851 appeared the first number of the Leader, to be the organ of the cultivated intellects of the most advanced section of the movement party. Mr. Lewes was the literary and dramatic editor of the new journal, and the verve with which he conducted both departments was something unique. Towards the close, and indeed during the whole course of his literary editorship of the Leader, it was evident from the scope and tone of his writing that he had turned again to the study of physiology, for which he seemed to predict in the future the place occupied by metaphysics in the past. He did not, however, at once desert literature, pure and simple. In 1855 appeared his "Life and Works of Göthe," an elaborate biography and criticism of the great German—deficient in its narrative of Göthe's later years, but compensating for that deficiency by the freshness and fullness of its treatment of Göthe's early career—even correcting and supplementing, from original documents and information, the poet's own autobiography. Since the publication of that work Mr. Lewes has devoted himself almost exclusively to physiological science. His "Sea-side Studies"—republished in 1858, enlarged and improved, from Blackwood's Magazine—popularized the latest theories of the origin of life; and in it Mr. Lewes did not hesitate to contest the views of the most eminent modern physiologists, when these were unsupported or contradicted by actual observation. The title of his "Physiology of Common Life," 1859-60, a work which has been very successful, explains itself; and, like the "Life of Göthe," it has been translated into German. Mr. Lewes has also edited the late Professor Johnston's Chemistry of Common Life.—F. E.
LEWIS, Sir George Cornewall, Bart., politician and author, was born in London in 1806, and died on the 14th of April, 1863. He was the eldest son of the late Sir Thomas Frankland Lewis, who from 1821 to 1839 filled several important public offices—among them the vice-presidency of the board of trade, and the chairmanship of the poor law commission. Sir George Cornewall Lewis was educated at Eton and at Christ church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1828 as first class in classics, and second in mathematics. Three years afterwards he was called to the bar at the Middle temple, and in 1832 he published his first original work, "Remarks on the Use and Abuse of Political Terms." His official career began in 1835, when he shared in the labours of the commissions of inquiry into the relief of the poor and the church in Ireland. In 1836 he was a member of the commission of inquiry into the affairs of Malta; and in 1839, on his father's resignation of the chairmanship of the poor-law board, he was appointed a poor-law commissioner, an office which he retained until July,
