Australia, presented by the delegates from that country, among whom was his son Mr. James Macarthur, to the International Congress held in London in July, 1861, it appears that, beginning with two hundred and forty-six pounds in 1807, the export of wool from the Australian colonies had risen in the year following the death of Macarthur (1835) to five and a half millions of pounds, and in 1859 amounted to nearly fifty-four millions of pounds. The wines from the vineyard he formed at Camden, took the first rank amongst the Australian wines exhibited at the Paris Industrial Exhibition of 1854 (at which his son Sir William Macarthur was commissioner from Australia), bearing a favourable comparison even with the choice wines of Europe. Various writers who have visited New South Wales, have not without reason expressed surprise that in the capital, Sydney, no monument has been erected in honour of the man whose noble spirit, rare foresight, enterprise, and perseverance, contributed in so eminent a degree to the development of the resources, and consequently to the wealth, not only of that colony, but also of the whole Australian group. The colonists may indeed have felt that no memorial, whether written in brass or engraved upon granite, could be other than fleeting, compared with the lasting influence of that patriotic and virtuous career, which procured for John Macarthur the proud but well-earned title of "The Father of the Colony."—J. O. M'W
MACARTNEY, George Macartney, Earl of, remembered chiefly by his embassy to China, was born in Ireland in 1737, of a family originally Scotch. Educated at Trinity college, Dublin, he entered public life under the auspices of the first lord Holland, and was sent soon after she had ascended the throne of Russia, to negotiate a commercial treaty with the Empress Catherine. After his return in 1767 he sat both in the Irish and British parliaments, and was Irish secretary from 1769 to 1772. In 1775 he was appointed governor of Grenada, which he defended bravely but unsuccessfully against D'Estaing in 1779, and after capitulating was sent a prisoner to France. Liberated by exchange (in 1776 he had been raised to the Irish peerage as Baron Macartney), he was appointed governor of Madras in 1780. He distinguished himself highly in the management of the war with Tippoo; and after being superseded as governor of Madras, 1785, was offered but declined the governor-generalship of India. Six years after his return home he was appointed in 1788 ambassador extraordinary to China. His mission, though not politically or commercially successful, had the important result of greatly increasing our knowledge of the Celestial empire. He had been made an Irish viscount in 1792 and an Irish earl in 1794; in the year of his return from China, 1794, he was created Baron Macartney in the peerage of England, and appointed governor of the Cape. He returned home in ill health in 1798, and lived in retirement until his death in 1806. A formal account of his embassy to China, the work of the secretary to the embassy. Sir George Staunton, was published in 1797. Lord Macartney's own private journal of the mission was printed, with others of his papers, in Barrow's Life of the Earl of Macartney, 1807.—F. E.
MACAULAY, afterwards GRAHAM, Catherine, a female politician and historian, was born in Kent in 1733. She was the sister of Alderman Sawbridge, the "patriot" of last century; and her own politics were violently republican. It was this that gave a temporary piquancy to the "History of England, from the accession of James I. to that of the Brunswick line," 8 vols., 1763-83, which she began to publish a few years after her marriage in 1760 to Dr. Macaulay, a physician. In 1778 she married a Mr. Graham, brother of Dr. Graham of "celestial bed" notoriety. In 1785 she visited America and Washington, with whom she had corresponded; she died in 1791. She published various pamphlets, political and miscellaneous. Of her "History of England from the Revolution to the present time," only one volume appeared, in 1778. Mrs. Macaulay was one of the early intimates of Dr. Johnson; and differing as they did in politics, the two seem to have lived in a state of friendly quarrel.—F. E.
MACAULAY, Thomas Babington, the Right Honourable, first and only Baron Macaulay of Rothley, was born on the 25th October, 1800, at Rothley temple, Leicestershire, the seat of Mr. Thomas Babington, who had married his father's sister, and from whom he derived his baptismal name. He was the eldest child of Zachary Macaulay (q.v.); and his mother Selina, whose maiden name was Mills, was the daughter of a quaker merchant of Bristol, where she had been educated by the sisters of Hannah More. Mrs. Macaulay was a woman of mild accommodating temper, good sense, and piety; her husband, taciturn, persistent, and indefatigable, belonged to the Clapham sect, the organ of which, the Christian Observer, was edited by him; and with Wilberforce and others he aided in producing the evangelical reaction of the early part of the nineteenth century, and was most energetic in the movements for the abolition of the slave-trade and the emancipation of the negroes. Macaulay's earliest education was received chiefly at home, where, with such parents and in such a circle as theirs of Clapham, his upbringing was austere and religious. The Macaulays were intimate with Hannah More, then living in retirement at Barleywood. For his father and mother's sake, she took an interest in the young Macaulay, which was enhanced as the child's disposition and intellect developed themselves. Thanks to the friendship between Hannah More and his parents, there are preserved in her correspondence with them, printed since her death, ample memorials of his childhood. She calls him "a jewel of a boy," has never seen "so fine a capacity joined to such a lively yet tractable temper," and the only fault she has to find with him is, that he will not read prose; poetry being a passion with him from his earliest years. At twelve he was placed under the care of the Rev. Mr. Preston, a clergyman of the Church of England, resident in the neighbourhood of Cambridge, who received pupils, and was a friend of Simeon's. The young Macaulay of this period is described as a boy of large head, pallid countenance, and stooping gait, indisposed to join in the sports of his schoolfellows, and finding his chief amusement in penning and reciting verses. But under Mr. Preston he laid the foundations of the classical scholarship which distinguished him among the popular writers of his age. The influences, political and religious, to which he had been subjected at home, were not weakened by the tutorship of the friend of Simeon. Some of the earliest verses of his preserved, belong to his fourteenth year. One set is a panegyric upon Pitt, a biography of whom was among his latest works; another is an epitaph on Henry Martyn, the missionary. Home again at fifteen, he is beginning to read the literature of the day—the day of Byron, Scott, and Wordsworth. He writes to his friend, Hannah More, of the new works of all the three, and of his own first appearance in print as the compiler of an index to the thirteenth volume of the Christian Observer! During a visit to her about this time she describes him as an immense reader, loquacious and docile, an endless composer of verses—among them being a satire on radical reform, a development of liberal politics which he disliked to the end of his days.
At eighteen he went to Trinity college, Cambridge. He had not been prepared for the contests of that academic arena by the preliminary training of a great public school, and he had no love for mathematics, the chief of Cambridge studies. But he read largely and widely; he distinguished himself as an orator at the Union, nor was his university career without considerable successes. He twice carried off the chancellor's medal for English verse—in 1819 for a poem on Pompeii, in 1821 for another on Evening; both of them pieces far above the average mark of university prize poems. In 1821 he was elected to the Craven scholarship, and in the following year, after taking his B.A. degree, he was made a fellow of Trinity, a financial aid as well as an academic distinction. It was now that, though at first he wrote anonymously or pseudonymously, he began to be known as an author beyond his domestic circle or the college walls. Between the June of 1823 and the November of 1824, he contributed a number of pieces;—grave and gay, in prose and verse—to Knight's Quarterly Magazine, an early enterprise of the founder of the Penny Magazine, and among the contributors to which were Praed, Moultrie, and Nelson Coleridge. Macaulay's verse included the spirited "Songs of the Huguenots" and "Songs of the Roundheads," and a fragment of the "Armada"—preludes of the "Lays of Ancient Rome." Among the prose were essays on Dante and Petrarch, an imaginary conversation between Cowlev and Milton, which showed that the young Cambridge scholar had carefully weighed what could be said on the Puritan, as well as on the Cavalier side. In the last of his contributions to Knight's Quarterly, a review of Mitford's Greece, he was heard making his first protest against that theory of "the dignity of history," which fills the annals of mankind with the details of wars and battles, while the chronicles of the people, of their habits, manners, industry, of art and science, are left a blank. In the twelvemonth which first announced Macaulay as a writer of
