writer, was born at Geneva in 1730, of a respectable family. In 1752 he was appointed professor of polite literature at Copenhagen, where he became deeply engaged in the study of northern history and antiquities. He returned to his native town in 1760, where he obtained the professorship of history in the academy, and sometime after was nominated diplomatic agent by the landgrave of Cassel. He then accompanied a son of Lord Bute on a tour through Italy and back to England, where he was commissioned by the queen to write a history of the House of Brunswick. The same commission he received from the landgrave of Cassel with respect to Hesse. When during the Revolution he lost his property and income, he was granted a pension from the French government, which, however, he did not long enjoy, but died at Geneva, 8th February, 1807. Among his works we must mention his "Introduction à l'histoire de Danemark;" "Histoire de Danemark," 3 vols.; "Histoire de la Maison de Hesse," 4 vols.; "Histoire de la Maison de Brunswick," 4 vols.; "Histoire de la Maison et des états de Mecklenbourg;" "Histoire des Suisses ou Helvétiens," 4 vols.; and "Histoire de la Ligue Hanséatique."—(See Simon de Sismondi's De la vie et des écrits de P. H. Mallet.)—K. E.
MALLET-DUPAN, Jacques, a celebrated French journalist, was born at Geneva in 1749, and at an early age lost his father, a misfortune which compelled him to become his own educator. When twenty-three years of age he was introduced to Voltaire, who endeavoured to enlist him in his party. Mallet, however, was too independent and obstinate a character, and refused. Voltaire notwithstanding recommended him to the landgrave of Cassel as professor of polite literature, which office Mallet resigned after a twelvemonth. He then proceeded to London, where for some time he assisted Linguet in the publication of the Annales Politiques, but parted with him for incompatibility. After a short stay in his native town he settled at Paris, and there, under the title of "Journal Historique," continued those Mémoires Politiques which he had edited at Geneva. After the outbreak of the Revolution he embraced the cause of the king, and of a constitutional monarchy after the British model, with more eagerness than prudence. He was sent by the king on a diplomatic mission to the emperor and the king of Prussia, but by the march of events was prevented from succeeding. He was even obliged to seek a refuge in Switzerland, while all his property at Paris was destroyed or confiscated by the revolutionists. Here he acted as political correspondent to several courts, till by the invasion of the French he was again driven to London, where he originated the Mercure Britannique, but died on the 10th May, 1800, from consumption. His widow received a pension from the British government. Besides the journals already mentioned he wrote several pamphlets and essays, viz., "De la dernière révolution en Genève in 1782;" "Considérations sur la revolution de France;" "Du Principe des Factions en général et de celles qui divisent la France," &c. His style is lively and powerful, but not always correct.—K. E.
MALMESBURY. See William of Malmesbury.
MALMESBURY, James Harris, first earl of, son of Mr. Harris, author of the Hermes (the "philosopher of Malmesbury"), was born in 1746. He received his later education at Oxford, where he belonged to the jovial set of which Charles James Fox was a member. His father took office in the Shelburne ministry, and it was thus that at one-and-twenty he became secretary of embassy at Madrid. By the departure of his chief he was left chargé d'affaires, and in the negotiations in the Falkland islands dispute, he acquitted himself so well that at twenty-four he was appointed minister at Berlin, where he witnessed the dismemberment of Poland. Mirabeau knew him during this Berlin mission, and called him "Cet audacieux et rusé Harris." In 1777 he went as ambassador to St. Petersburg, and had to manage the discussions on the armed neutrality. With health impaired by the Russian climate, he returned to England in 1784, and as Sir James Harris; having received in 1780 the order of the bath. Appointed afterwards ambassador to the Hague, he effected the diplomatic arrangements by which Holland renounced the French alliance, and Prussia joined England in rescuing the stadtholder from a democratic revolution. For this service he was created Baron Malmesbury, 1788. Returning home and re-entering the house of commons, in which he had nominally sat since 1770, he joined in 1793 the whig seceders who left Fox in 1793, when he called for the recognition of the French republic. In the following year he was sent to Brunswick to arrange the marriage between the Princess Caroline of Brunswick and the prince of Wales (afterwards George IV. and Queen Caroline); and there is an amusing account in his diary of the lectures which he read the princess on her demeanour and appearance. His last diplomatic mission was in 1796 and 1797 to France to endeavour to patch up a peace with the director, who terminated the negotiations very abruptly. Created in 1800 Earl of Malmesbury, he retired from public life, for which a severe deafness, he considered, disqualified him. In 1801 he edited, prefixing a pleasing memoir, the works of his father. During his last years he cultivated the society of the rising generation of young statesmen, and is said to have been struck by the promise of Lord Palmerston, who was his ward. He died in November, 1820, and attention was recalled to his career and character in 1844, when his grandson, the present earl, published his "Diaries and Correspondence," an interesting contribution to the secret history, both foreign and domestic, of his time.—F. E.
* MALMESBURY, James Howard Harris, third earl of, twice secretary for foreign affairs under the premiership of Lord Derby, was born in London on the 25th of March, 1807. He was educated at Eton and at Oriel college, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1828. In 1841, while Viscount Fitz-Harris, he entered the house of commons as member for Wilton, but in the same year was transferred to the upper house by the death of his father. In 1848 he published a pamphlet on the game laws, in the form of a letter to Sir George Grey, defending the general principle of actual legislation on the subject, while suggesting some modifications of detail. In February, 1852, on the accession of Lord Derby to power. Lord Malmesbury was appointed secretary for foreign affairs, and in that capacity recognized with cordiality the re-establishment of the empire in France. Resigning with his colleagues in 1852, he was reappointed foreign secretary when Lord Derby became a second time premier. During his second tenure of the seals of the foreign office, from February, 1858, to June, 1859, the war in Italy between France and Austria broke out in spite of Lord Malmesbury's strenuous efforts to preserve peace, by recommending a general disarmament and the reference of Italian affairs to a congress. In 1859 a volume of his "Official Correspondence on the Italian Question" was published in a popular form, with a narrative of the history of that question since the peace of 1815. As already mentioned he has edited the Diaries and Correspondence of his grandfather, the first earl, a memoir of whom he prefixed to the work. Lord Malmesbury married in 1830 the only daughter of the fifth earl of Tankerville.—F. E.
MALONE, Edmund, remembered chiefly as an editor and illustrator of Shakspeare, was born at Dublin in 1741. He was the second son of an Irish judge, and destined for the Irish bar. Educated at Trinity college, Dublin, he was entered at the Inner temple in 1763, and during a residence in London contracted a strong attachment for the metropolis and its literary society. After he had practised for a few years as a barrister in Dublin, his father died, leaving him the possessor of a moderate independence, and he removed to London to devote himself to literature. He had already published (1776) an edition of Goldsmith's works, the memoir accompanying which he had enriched by some memoranda of the poet's college career, displaying the same faculty of close and minute research which he afterwards exhibited on a much more extended scale. During his second residence in London, he became a member of the Johnsonian circle. Polished, hospitable, diligent, Malone may be considered a very fair specimen of the literary gentleman of last century, as distinguished from the literary man. With his rearrival in the metropolis he began to make collections of Shakspeareana and of items of all kinds connected with the Elizabethan drama. He formed an intimacy with George Steevens, to whom he gave some assistance in the preparation of the Steevens' edition of Johnson's Shakspeare; and his "Attempt to ascertain the order in which Shakspeare's plays were written," 1778, was the first for which recourse had been made to the registers of Stationers' Hall. It was as a professed supplement to Steevens' Johnson's Shakspeare, that in 1780 Malone's first elaborate contribution to Shakspeare literature was published. It comprised the poems of Shakspeare and the doubtful plays, and the dissertations prefixed to it contained the germ of his subsequent history of the stage. In the doubtful plays Pericles was included by Malone, in conformity with the views of Steevens. Malone changed his opinion; this and some notes which he furnished to
