noy on painting, a poem on horticulture, and an essay on English church music. He died in 1797.—T. A.
MASSARD, Jean, an eminent French engraver, was born at Bélesme, 22nd August, 1740. In the main self-taught, he seems to have formed his style on that of J. G. Wille, of whom he may be considered one of the most successful followers. In 1814 he was appointed engraver to the king. He engraved several plates in the Musée royal and the Florence gallery. Among his best prints are a Hagar and Ishmael, and a Virgin and Child, after Vandyck; the Death of Socrates, after David; and the Broken Pitcher, after Greuze; there are also some good prints by him after Raphael, Domenichino, Rembrandt, &c. He died at Paris, March 16, 1822.—J. T—e.
MASSARD, Jean-Baptiste Raphael-Urbain, son of the preceding, was born at Paris in 1775. He studied design in the atelier of David, and engraving under his father. His prints are clean in line and neatly finished, like those of his father; but hardly so vigorous. Among the best are St. Cecilia, after Raphael; Apollo and the Muses, after Giulio Romano; the Rape of the Sabines, after David. He died in 1849.—J. T—e.
MASSENA, André, Duke of Rivoli, Prince of Essling, and Marshal of France, was born at Nice on the 6th May, 1758, and died at Paris on the 4th April, 1817. He was an orphan from childhood, and his education was greatly neglected. One of his uncles took him to sea for two voyages, after which he entered as private the royal Italian regiment, in the service of France. He quickly rose to the highest grade possible at a time when the officers were all nobles. He served fourteen years without being able to attain the rank of sub-lieutenant; and, disgusted with the system, he retired to his native town in 1789, and married. Then came the Revolution, and the time when merit might have its chance, as well as birth. He embraced the new principles, joined a battalion of volunteers, became its chief, was remarkable for his activity, intelligence, and knowledge of localities, and in August, 1793, was made general of brigade by the convention. In December he became general of division. The year 1794 was one of active service, in which he appeared at most of the engagements of the south. In 1795 he served under Kellerman. Scherer, who succeeded Kellerman, confided to him the attack on the Austrians at Loano—a service executed with the greatest ability. In 1796 a new general made his appearance to replace Scherer—Bonaparte—and Massena became Bonaparte's principal lieutenant. He commanded the grenadier column which formed the vanguard of the army of Italy. At the head of his grenadiers he forced the passage of the bridge of Lodi, and was the first to enter Milan. Then followed the grand series of victories by which Bonaparte swept northern Italy, including Rivoli and La Favorite, where Massena's division in fifty hours fought two great battles at twelve leagues distance and in the dead of winter. No German tactics could stand against Massena's prodigious activity and Massena's grenadiers. He was within twenty-five leagues of Vienna when a truce arrested his triumphal career. Bonaparte named him "l'Enfant chéri de la victoire" (Victory's favourite son), and France accepted and confirmed the title. When he arrived in Paris to secure the ratification of the treaty of Leoben, and bore with him the colours captured from the Austrians, he received a brilliant reception; and it is even said that the directory thought of giving him the chief command of the army of Italy. Bonaparte, however, was not the man to be superseded. In 1798 he was sent to replace Berthier in command of the army of occupation in Rome; but the army supposing that he had taken a share in authorizing the depredations of the French agents, resolutely refused to accept his command. He was therefore compelled to retire till the new war with Austria in 1799 called him again into active service. He was appointed general of the army of Helvetia (Switzerland); but was checked on the Rhine by Hoche, Jourdan, and Bernado. Having repaired to Paris, Massena was made commander-in-chief of the army of Helvetia, the army of the Danube, and the army of the Rhine. In very difficult circumstances he conducted his command with unusual ability; and though greatly overmatched in numbers, he waited patiently till the opposing hosts should commit a military mistake, then pounced upon them like an eagle, and at Zurich, by his skilful combination, secured the defeat of both Austrians and Russians. In fifteen days (September, 1799) he drove a hundred thousand Austro-Russians out of Switzerland, and broke the heart or the temper of the hitherto invincible Suwarrow, who refused to serve longer with the Austrians. Massena's victories saved France, but they did not advance Massena. In less than two months Bonaparte seized the chief power as first consul, and one of his first acts was to deprive the gallant general of his present command. Massena was sent to Italy, to repair the disasters that had befallen the French arms, and there by his defence of Genoa he enabled Bonaparte to gain the battle of Marengo. Although obliged to capitulate, his obstinate defence had occupied an army. The remainder of his life belongs rather to history than biography. In 1803 he was elected a member of the legislature. In 1804 he was made a marshal of the empire, and again went to Italy to conquer Naples for Joseph Bonaparte. In 1807 he commanded the right wing of the French army in Poland. After the peace of Tilsit he was made Duke of Rivoli. In 1808 he lost his left eye in a shooting excursion. In 1809 he commanded the right wing of the army, and opened the way to Vienna, which capitulated. At Wagram, 6th July, 1809, he commanded the left wing, which was there the post cf honour. For these services he was made Prince of Essling. In 1810 he went to take the command in Spain, and compelled Wellington to take his position behind the lines of Torres Vedras. Those lines it was impossible for him to force, nor can the slightest stain attach to him on that account. Five months he kept his position before them, and in March, 1811, commenced his retreat. His last battle was that of Fuentes d'Onore. By the emperor's arbitrary orders he was superseded by Marmont. In the Russian campaign he took no part, but commanded the eighth military division at Marseilles. At the restoration his post and rank were secured to him by Louis XVIII., who also granted him letters of "high naturalization," enabling him to take his seat in the chamber of peers. During the Hundred Days he was still faithful to the Bourbons, and took no military part in Napoleon's enterprise. After Waterloo he was appointed to command the national guard of Paris, and to preserve order, but did not escape accusation; which, had he not been able to rebut it successfully, might have brought him, like Ney, to an untimely end. As it was, the vexation and annoyance preyed upon a constitution that had seen such hard service, and he died at the age of fifty-nine, almost, it may be said, a martyr to the ingratitude of his country. He was the first, ablest, and most successful marshal of France. On his tomb in the east cemetery of Paris appears the single word, "Massena."—P. E. D.
* MASSEY, Gerald, known chiefly as a poet, was born in 1828, near Tring, in Hertfordshire. His father was a humble canal boatswain, and Mr. Massey's childhood and boyhood were spent in hard and scantily-paid manual toil. He went to London in his sixteenth year as an errand-boy, and the love of reading already developed in him now found ample nutriment. He became a radical and a rhymer, published a little volume of poems, and founded, early in 1849, the Spirit of Freedom, a journal written by working men, and breathing of the French revolution of 1848. It was the time of "Christian socialism" and co-operative societies; Mr. Massey became connected with the movement patronized by Messrs. Maurice and Kingsley, and acted for some time as secretary to the Working Tailors' Association. He contributed pretty copiously verses to the defunct Leader, which attracted notice by their music, polish, and lyrical feelings. His "Ballad of Babe Christabel, and other Co-operative Poems," published in 1854, reached a fifth edition in 1855. Quitting London for Edinburgh, where he edited a newspaper, Mr. Massey published, during his residence in the modern Athens, "War Waits," and his noticeable poem of "Craigcrook," which have been followed by some other poetical compositions. He lectures occasionally, chiefly on poetical subjects, and has contributed to the North British Review.—F. E.
MASSILLON, Jean Baptiste, the famous preacher, was born at Hyères in Provence, 24th June, 1663, his father being a notary of that town. Massillon studied philosophy at Marseilles, and at the age of eighteen entered the congregation of the Oratory. Not long after, he preached for a short time in the small village of Lesignan; but his ambition at this period lay in the direction of a chair of philosophy or theology; and accordingly, after teaching belles-lettres in one or two schools of his order, he became theological professor in the seminary at Vienne. Here, on the death of the archbishop in 1691, Massillon was called upon to deliver a funeral oration. This was the beginning of his fame. The general of his order invited the young preacher
