revolution of 1789 he joined the emigration, and in 1799 receiving a commission in the English army, saw active service in the East and in the Peninsula, and rose to be a lieutenant-colonel. After the Restoration he was employed in the high diplomatic service of France, and died at Paris in 1831.—F. E.
MONTALVAN, Juan Perez de, a Spanish poet, born in 1602; died in 1638. He was the son of a bookseller, and brought up in the house of Lope de Vega. He took orders at the age of twenty-three. Above sixty comedies of his were acted between 1619 and 1638. He wrote also a collection of novels, and a remarkable book entitled "Para todos" (A Book for every one), a medley of tales, comedies, biographies, and moral reflections.—F. M. W.
MONTANUS, a sectary of the second century, is supposed to have been originally a priest of Cybele, He was a Phrygian who lived in the village of Ardabau on the boundary of Mysia and Phrygia, and appeared about 157 as the author of a new movement in christianity. Like his countrymen generally, he was of an enthusiastic spirit, and fell into certain states of ecstatic transport in which he was the blind organ of a higher Spirit, and foretold coming events in oracular expressions. He announced himself as the individual in whom the promised Paraclete had revealed himself completely, that the church might be elevated to a higher stage of practical perfection immediately before the introduction of the millennial kingdom. The heavenly Jerusalem, the metropolis of that kingdom, was to descend on earth at Pepuza. In connection with Montanus there were two women—Prisca or Priscilla and Maximilla—who also claimed to be regarded as prophetesses. Montanism spread rapidly and extensively in Asia, as well as the West; and found an able defender in Tertullian.—S. D.
MONTANUS. See Arias Montanus.
MONTAUSIER, Charles de St. Maure, Duke of, tutor to Louis XIV., was born in 1610, and died in 1690. He belonged to an old family of Touraine, and was originally a protestant, but conformed to the catholic faith; retaining, however, the strict morals of the French puritans. He was governor of Normandy for some time, but was selected to superintend the education of the young dauphin, Louis XIV., whom in youth he sedulously preserved from the corrupting influence of the courtiers. On taking leave of his royal pupil after the completion of his duties, he said to him—"If you are a man of worth you will love me; if not, you will hate me, and I shall console myself."—P. E. D.
MONTBEILLARD, P. G. de. See Guéneau.
MONTCALM DE SAINT VERAN, Louis Joseph, Marquis of, was born near Nismes in 1712; died on the 14th September, 1759. He entered the army at an early age, but always retained those studious habits which at one period induced him to hope that he should be chosen a member of the Academy. In his military career he gained considerable distinction. He received three wounds at the battle of Placenza and two others on another occasion. Rapidly gaining rank he was in 1756 appointed to command the French troops destined for the defence of the French Canadian colonies. After exhibiting military talents that called forth the admiration of his enemies, Montcalm was appointed to the command of Quebec, and there he encountered the famous General Wolfe, whose name has been associated with Quebec in all the records of British history. General Amherst had conceived the plan of annexing Canada. One of the expeditions he directed against Montreal, the other against Quebec. Wolfe was in command in the latter enterprise, which on the 31st July, 1759, was repulsed. Undismayed, he formed the design of scaling the heights of Abraham. In September Montcalm was outwitted, and was obliged to abandon his position for the purpose of risking a battle, which entailed the death of both generals. Montcalm, like Wolfe, was fatally wounded, and like a soldier was buried in the cavity made by the bursting of a shell. Engravings on the death of Montcalm have been published both in England and France, that of Woollett being considered the best.—P. E. D.
MONTE, Marquis del. See Guid' Ubaldo.
MONTEAGLE, Thomas Spring Rice, the Right Honourable, first baron, successively secretary for the colonies and chancellor of the exchequer, was the son of Stephen Edward Rice, of Mount Trenchard, county Kerry, and was descended from Sir Stephen Rice, chief baron of the Irish exchequer in the reign of James II. He was born at Limerick in 1790. Educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, Mr. Spring Rice studied for, and was called to the bar (he was a bencher of Lincoln's inn), but did not practise his profession subsequently to his marriage in 1811 to the eldest daughter of the first earl of Limerick. After an unsuccessful candidature in 1818, he became member for Limerick in 1820, and entered the house of commons as a liberal, often giving an active support to the policy of his party. In 1827 he published, with his initials, a letter to Lord Liverpool—"Catholic Emancipation considered on Protestant Principles," and decided it to be right and expedient even on that basis. In the same year he was appointed under-secretary of state for the home department in the short-lived Goderich administration. On the formation of Lord Grey's first ministry he was appointed secretary to the treasury—retaining this office until November, 1834. On the return of his party to power he was appointed colonial secretary, and in September, 1835, chancellor of the exchequer. In September, 1839, he received the permanent office of comptroller of the exchequer; and was raised to the peerage as Baron Monteagle. In 1832 he had exchanged the representation of Limerick for that of Cambridge, and continued to sit for the latter borough until he entered the house of peers. He was a frequent speaker in the house of lords; and it was on his motion, in 1860, that the peers rejected the portion of Mr. Gladstone's budget which embodied the repeal of the paper duties. The first Lady Monteagle died in 1839; and in 1841 his lordship married a daughter of Mr. Marshall, the flax-spinner of Leeds. He died on the 6th February, 1866.—F. E.
MONTEBELLO. See Lannes.
MONTECUCCULI, Raymond, Count of, a celebrated Italian general in the service of Austria, was born at Modena in 1608. He was educated by the jesuits, and afterwards went as private in a dragoon regiment to Germany, where his cousin Ernest already held a commission in the army. By aid of the latter he obtained military instruction and promotion. The Thirty Years' war was then raging, and Montecucculi's first important service was against the Swedes, whom he compelled in 1637 to raise the siege of Namslau in Silesia. Two years later, however, he was defeated at Brandeis by General Bauer, and taken prisoner. He availed himself of his two years' captivity to study mathematics and military science When exchanged he was employed with John de Werth in Bohemia, against General Wittemberg, who was driven out of that country. After the peace of Westphalia in 1648, Montecucculi visited Sweden and was received by Queen Christina with great honour. Returning to Italy he had the misfortune to kill his friend. Count Malezani, in a tournament held at the celebration of the marriage of the duke of Modena. In 1657 and 1658 he was again in the field, assisting John Casimir in Poland, and the king of Denmark in Holstein and Jutland, both against the aggressive Swedes. From 1661 to 1665 his abilities were taxed to the utmost in campaigns against the Turks in Transylvania, Styria, and other places; and in 1672 a still more redoubtable enemy called forth all the resources of his military genius. He was sent to resist the sudden attack made by Louis XIV. on Holland, and for four years was opposed to the most skilful generals of France, including Turenne and the great Condé. The science of war was exhibited in the greatest perfection in these famous campaigns. The rival generals could not but respect each other, and when Turenne was killed at the battle of Sassbach, Montecucculi exclaimed sadly—"There dies a man who has done honour to mankind." The latter years of Montecucculi were passed in learned retirement, and he died at Linz on the 16th October, 1681. He left military memoirs of considerable value, of which a complete edition was published by Ugo Foscolo in 1807, 2 vols. folio, Milan.—R. H.
MONTELUPO, Raphael da, a celebrated Italian sculptor and architect, was born towards the close of the fifteenth century. The son and scholar of Baccio da Montelupo, a sculptor of some repute in his day—born 1445; died about 1534—he early surpassed his father as a sculptor, and was much employed on the decorations of churches, &c., executing among other things a S. Domenico, a Prophet, and a Sibyl for Michelangelo. He was appointed architect to the castle of St. Angelo, by Cardinal Crispo, who also employed him to erect a palace for him at Bolsena. Montelupo's architectural masterpiece was a chapel at Sta. Maria, for which he sculptured a nude figure of Christ and a marble statue of St. Peter bearing his cross. One or two other buildings at Orvieto were also erected from his designs, as was likewise the marble chapel raised in the church of Pescia, in memory of Pope Leo X.; the tomb of the pontiff placed within the chapel, and a marble statue of him in the church of the
