NEVILE, Richard Griffin, third Baron Braybrooke, a distinguished literary and topographical antiquary, was born at Stanlake in Berkshire, on the 26th of September, 1783. He was educated at Eton and Christ church, Oxford. In 1806 he entered parliament as member for Thirsk. He afterwards successively represented Saltash, Buckingham, and Berkshire in the house of commons, but took no prominent part in politics. On the death of his father in 1825, he succeeded to the peerage and to the possession of Audley End, the owner of which is visitor of Magdalen college, Cambridge, and patron of the mastership. In the library of that college Lord Braybrooke found, during the mastership of his brother, the voluminous diary of Samuel Pepys written in short hand. This having been deciphered by the Rev. John Smith, was edited by Lord Braybrooke, and published in two volumes, quarto, in 1825. The publication of so much entertaining gossip of a by-gone age proved very successful, and the work has passed through many editions. The fourth edition in 1853 contains numerous additions. In 1835 Lord Braybrooke printed a "History of Audley End and Saffron Walden," and in 1842 "The Life and Correspondence of Jane, Lady Cornwallis." He died on the 13th of March, 1858.—R. H.
NEVILLE or NEVIL, Thomas, was born at Canterbury about the middle of the sixteenth century, and became a fellow of Pembroke hall, Cambridge, in 1570. In 1582 he was appointed master of Magdalen college, and in 1590 dean of Peterborough. In 1593 he was made master of Trinity college, in which distinguished office he took a leading part in the doctrinal controversies which broke out in the university in 1594, on some of the points of Calvinism, and which gave occasion to the famous Lambeth articles, which show that at the close of the sixteenth century the Calvinistic system was still the prevailing theology of the Church of England. In 1597 he was promoted dean of Canterbury, and on the accession of James I. to the English throne he was sent down to Scotland by Archbishop Whitgift and the other bishops to give the new monarch the assurance of their loyalty, and to recommend the Church of England to his royal favour and protection. Neville was able to bring back to Whitgift and his brother prelates such a message as somewhat abated their fears, that along with the Scottish king they might have to receive some infusion of. the Scottish discipline, the "Scotch mist," as they were accustomed at that time with a nervous shrinking to call it. Dr. Neville lived to entertain the king in Trinity college in 1615, which was also the year of his death. He expended more than £3000 in rebuilding the quadrangle which still bears his name.—P. L.
NEWBOROUGH or NEWBURGH, William of. See William of Newburgh.
NEWCASTLE, Henry Pelham Clinton, fifth duke of, was born in London in 1811, and received his later education at Christ church, Oxford, where he was a contemporary of Mr. Gladstone, graduating B.A. in 1832. His father, the fourth duke, was a tory of the old school, and under these auspices he was chosen in 1832 as Lord Lincoln to represent South Nottinghamshire in the house of commons. In 1834 Sir Robert Peel acceded to power, and Lord Lincoln was one of the young members of his party on whom he conferred office. During Sir Robert Peel's short ministry of 1834-35, Lord Lincoln was a lord of the treasury. On Sir Robert's return to the premiership in 1841, Lord Lincoln was appointed chief commissioner of woods and forests, an office which he retained until January, 1846. In the rearrangements which followed the partial disruption of Sir Robert's ministry, when he decided on supporting the repeal of the corn laws. Lord Lincoln became chief secretary for Ireland in the January of 1846, and remained in that office until the Peel ministry resigned in the following summer. He was one of the so-called Peelites who were offered, but who declined office, in the administration of Lord John Russell, which succeeded that of Sir Robert Peel. The support which Lord Lincoln had given the repeal of the corn laws lost him his father's influence in South Nottinghamshire, and at the general election of 1846 he was requested to become a candidate for the representation of Manchester, in opposition to Mr. Bright. Before the election came on, Lord Lincoln withdrew from the contest, and accepted the representation of the Falkirk burghs. In 1851, on the death of his father, he succeeded to the dukedom. In December of the following year he entered the coalition-ministry of Lord Aberdeen as secretary for the colonies, to which, according to old usages, was attached a secretaryship for war, the functions of the latter in time of peace seeming to have been nearly nominal. In the June of 1854, after the commencement of the war with Russia, it was decided that the war and colonial secretaryships should be separated, and the duke of Newcastle was appointed secretary for war. For the disastrous condition of the army before Sebastopol in the whiter of 1854-55, he was held responsible, and Mr. Roebuck's motion for a committee of inquiry was considered to be specially aimed at his grace. When it had been carried, the Aberdeen ministry resigned. On the 1st of February, 1855, the duke of Newcastle made a speech in the house of lords, afterwards published in a separate form, in which he vindicated his conduct, and assured his successor of his support. Soon afterwards he proceeded to the Crimea on a tour of unofficial inspection. The duke of Newcastle remained out of office until the formation of Lord Palmerston's second ministry in June, 1859, when he was reappointed secretary for the colonies, and in that capacity he accompanied the prince of Wales on his visit to Canada and the United States. In 1832 he married Lady Susan Hamilton, daughter of the duke of Hamilton, from whom he was divorced in 1850. He died on the 18th October, 1864.—F E.
NEWCASTLE. See Cavendish and Hollis.
NEWCOMB, Thomas, an inconsiderable poet, was born in 1675. On his mother's side he is said to have been the grandson of Edmund Spenser. He early began to write verses, and continued to cultivate this taste till extreme old age. Having taken orders, he was appointed chaplain to the second duke of Richmond, and held the living of Stopham in Sussex. The titles of his chief works are the "Library," a short poem much esteemed, which appeared in 1718; the "Last Judgment," an ambitious but feeble production in twelve cantos, in the manner of Milton, 1723; and an "Ode on the Success of the British Arms," published at the close of the Seven Years' war in 1763. He died in obscurity in the year 1766.—T. A.
NEWCOME, William, an Irish prelate, born at Barton-le-Clay in Bedfordshire in 1729; received his education at Abingdon grammar-school, and at Pembroke college, Oxford. He afterwards took his degree at Hertford college, with which he was long connected as a tutor. In this capacity he attained eminence, and had Charles James Fox for one of his pupils. After taking the degree of D.D., he was appointed in 1765 chaplain to the earl of Hertford, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, by whom, within a year, he was elevated to the see of Dromore. He was translated to the bishopric of Ossory in 1775, to that of Waterford in 1779, and in 1795 to the archbishopric of Armagh. He died in Dublin, January 11, 1800. He published in 1778 "An Harmony of the Gospels," which involved him in a controversy with Priestley; "Observations on our Lord's conduct as a Divine Instructor," &c., 1782; "An attempt towards an improved version, a metrical arrangement, and an explanation of the twelve minor prophets," 1785; "Ezekiel," on the same plan, 1788; "An Historical View of the English Biblical Translations," &c. After his death there appeared his "Attempt towards revising our English translation of the Scriptures"—a favourite subject with Newcome, in the treatment of which, however, he offended more critics than he gratified.
NEWCOMEN, Matthew, a nonconformist divine, who was educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, where he took his degree of M.A. He was a member of the Westminster assembly of divines, was one of the compilers of the catechisms, and was one of the five divines who, in 1641, replied to Bishop Hall's Humble Remonstrance for Episcopacy. This reply was issued under the name of "Smectymnus," a word coined out of the initials of the authors' names—S. Marshal, E. Calamy, T. Young, M. Newcomen, and W. Spurstow. In this controversy Milton and Usher took part. Newcomen was ejected from the living of Dedham in 1662, and died at Leyden in 1666.—B. H. C.
NEWCOMEN, Thomas, an English engineer, one of the inventors of the atmospheric steam-engine, was born in the latter part of the seventeenth century, probably in Devonshire, and became an ironmonger at Dartmouth. In conjunction with John Cawley, a glazier of the same place, he obtained, in 1705, a patent for a steam-engine, the first in which steam was successfully employed to drive mechanism for purposes of practical utility. The direct pressure of steam on the surface of water had already been used by De Cans and Lord Worcester, for forcing the water to a height; and the condensation of the steam had also been employed by Savery to produce a vacuum in a vessel into which
