Henry Sleeman (q.v.) as resident at Lucknow, and on the annexation of Oude was appointed chief commissioner, but ill-health compelled him to leave India for England. In 1856, when chastisement was to be inflicted on Persia, Outram was appointed, with political powers, to the chief command of the expedition, which under his conduct forced the shah into submission. Soon afterwards the Indian mutiny broke out, and Havelock, in the middle of his heroic struggle to reach and relieve Lucknow, found himself superseded by the appointment of Outram to the military command of the united Dinapore and Cawnpore divisions, to which was soon added the chief-commissionership of Oude. With great delicacy and generosity Outram declined to assume the military authority thus conferred on him, at least until Lucknow should be relieved, and accompanied Havelock as a volunteer in the final and victorious march to Lucknow. A G.C.B. in 1857, he was created a baronet in 1858, in which year he was raised to the rank of lieutenant-general. Sir James Outram is the author of "Rough Notes on the Campaigns in Scinde and Affghanistan in 1838-39" (privately printed in 1840); of "Our Indian Army," 1860; a minute in opposition to the amalgamation of the European and native forces, &c., &c. In 1835 he married his cousin, the daughter of James Anderson, Esq. of Mounie, Aberdeenshire. He died in 1863.—F. E.
OUTRAM, William, a learned English divine, was born in Derbyshire, 1625. He received his education at Trinity college, Cambridge. He was first settled in Lincolnshire. In 1660 the degree of D.D. was conferred upon him. He became rector of St. Mary Woolnoth, London, which he resigned in 1666. In 1669 he was collated to the archdeaconry of Leicester, and in 1670 became prebendary of Westminster, He led a quiet studious life, and died in 1679. He was distinguished for his knowledge of rabbinical learning, and was deeply versed in patristic theology. He was an admired preacher; a posthumous volume of his sermons was published. He is chiefly remembered as the author of a learned work on sacrifice, written in Latin, entitled "De Sacrificiis Libri Duo: 1° Omnia Judæorum nunnnulla gentium profanarum sacrificia; 2° Sacrificium Christi." In this work, which is divided into two books, he defends in the first the doctrine of vicarious punishment and piacular sacrifices, in opposition to the opinions held by the Socinians; and in the second, which treats of the priesthood of Christ, he argues that Christ's death was vicarious, and his sacrifice expiatory.—D. G.
OVANDO, Nicolo, first viceroy of the West Indies, was born about 1460, of one of the most distinguished families of Spain. He was comendador of the order of Alcantara, and in 1501 was sent out by order of Ferdinand and Isabella to supersede Bobadilla in the government of the newly-discovered American territory. He landed in San Domingo, 15th April, 1502, and vigorously repressed the disorders and cruelties which prevailed, sending the chief culprits, Bobadilla, Roldan, and others, prisoners to Spain. But his own administration was stained by many acts of lawless cruelty, foremost among which may be mentioned the treacherous murder of the generous Princess Anacoana, with eighty other caciques, and a general massacre of the Indians. The province of Higuey was reduced to the state of a desert, and the whole fertile island of San Domingo groaned beneath his rule. He had even the barbarity to refuse to Columbus shelter from the violence of a tempest. He was at length deposed and the command given to Diego Columbus; but he died wealthy and respected in 1518. His memoirs have never been published.—F. M. W.
OVERALL, John, a learned prelate, was born in 1559. He was educated at St. John's, Cambridge, but afterwards became a fellow of Trinity. In 1596 he was appointed regius professor of divinity, and was soon after elected master of Catherine Hall. He became dean of St. Paul's in 1601, was promoted to the see of Litchfield and Coventry in 1614, and translated to that of Norwich in 1618. He died on the 12th May of the following year. His principal work is his "Convocation Book," a treatise on the divine origin and claims of government, which was solemnly approved and ratified by the convocations both of Canterbury and York. It did not, however, obtain the assent of James I., and therefore was not printed. But it was at length published by Sancroft, immediately after the Revolution; and the reading of that part of it which taught obedience to a settled government, though it may have originated in rebellion, induced Sherlock to leave the party of the non-jurors, and take the oaths as dean of St. Paul's, in succession to Tillotson. Bishop Overall had a hand in the translation of the Bible, and was one of the authors of the Church Catechism. In his theology he leaned toward Arminianism, and sought to find out some middle hypothesis by which contending parties might be reconciled. Camden styles him a "prodigious learned man."—J. E.
* OVERBECK, Friedrich, one of the most distinguished of modern German painters, was born at Lübeck, July 3, 1789, and studied in the Art-academy, Vienna. In 1810 he went to complete his studies at Rome. He had already become deeply imbued with the æsthetic principles of Friederich Schlegel, and his study of the early religious paintings at Rome completed his conviction. Gradually one and another young German student became a convert to his views and shared his enthusiasm, until there was formed the band of remarkable men, including, besides himself, Cornelius, Schnorr, the Schadows, Veith, &c., whose works have produced so marked an influence on the recent art of Europe. Overbeck and his friends adopted without reserve the opinion that the principles of "Christian art" were to be found exclusively in the religious painters who flourished before Raphael—Giotto, Orcagno, Fra Angelico, Perugino, and the like—the decay of the pure religious feeling dating from the adoption of classical (or, as they phrased it, pagan) principles by Raphael, Michelangelo, and their contemporaries. They sought, therefore, for a revival of the true principles of religious art in the study of the earlier masters, whose asceticism, symbolism, pale colour, and calm symmetrical arrangement they carefully imitated, permitting themselves only a measured deviation from their attenuated forms and quaint drawing. And as the early religious painters produced their works under ecclesiastical inspiration and direction, so Overbeck thought true Christian art could only exist under similar guidance in these later times. He, accordingly, as a necessary preliminary to devoting his life to religious art, entered in 1814, with several of his artistic associates, the Roman catholic church, following in that, as in his views of art, the example of Friederich Schlegel. Before this time he had painted a series of five frescoes from Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered, his "Madonna," and commenced the series of religious frescoes in the Villa Bartholdy—works which had already raised great hopes of his future eminence. But the work which stamped his reputation was the large painting of "Christ entering Jerusalem," completed in 1816 for the Marienkirche at Lübeck. From that time he continued to produce numerous paintings of large dimensions in oil and fresco, almost exclusively religious in character; and an infinite number of drawings. Besides scriptural subjects he has executed numerous allegorical and symbolical compositions and single figures; among the former the most celebrated is his immense design, painted for the Städelsche Institut, Frankfort-on-the-Maine, in which he sets forth the influence of Christianity on the arts. Overbeck has also made an immense number of drawings for engraving, including a series of forty designs from the gospel history. All his works are characterized by a deep religious sentiment, by thought, learning, and great technical ability. In conception they exhibit a decided mysticism, a cold serenity and formalism, that to one not deeply learned in ecclesiology and the conventions of German catholic aesthetics, become after a time tiresome, if not repulsive. His motive, in fact, is intensely ecclesiastical and conventional, and it is not relieved by any reality of execution. Like Fuseli he has evidently feared that nature would "put him out." But of the great power of the painter there can be no question, nor of the vast influence which he, in conjunction with his early associates, has exerted not only upon the recent art of Germany, but upon the religious art of Europe. In Germany his influence has greatly waned. Beyond Germany a modified second-hand asceticism of style is held with more tenacity, because the result of feeling and of a kind of conviction. Of the few survivors among the early associates and disciples of Overbeck, scarce any remain constant to their early views. The master has, however, never changed, except in so far as with declining vigour there grew a certain languid effeminacy of manner, the consequence of continuous repetition without reference to the living model, or regard to the outer world. Overbeck has always resided at Rome. He is president of the Academy of St. Luke; foreign member of the French Institute; and member of all the German academies.—J. T—e.
OVERBURY, Sir Thomas, an accomplished English courtier and miscellaneous writer, was descended from a good family, and was born in 1581. He was educated at Queen's college, Oxford, where he distinguished himself by his proficiency in philosophy
