figures were not tolerated by the Spanish inquisition. Pacheco was in 1618 made a guardian of the public morals, being made censor of all the pictures exposed for sale in Seville; nakedness was prohibited. In 1623 he again visited Madrid, with his distinguished scholar Velasquez, who was now also his son-in-law. During this visit, Pacheco dressed, painted, and gilded an image of the Virgin made by Juan Gomez de Mora, for the duchess of Olivarez. Such images, called Pasos, were very common in Spain in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Pacheco published a treatise on the painting of statues, in 1622, as a guide for the Doradores and Estofadores, as the artists who made such images were called. In 1649 he published his principal work, a scarce treatise on painting, which is highly valued in Spain—"Arte de Pintura, su Antigüedad, y Grandezas," &c., Seville, 4to. He died at Seville in 1654. Pacheco's works are now scarce at Seville, though they were very numerous before the French occupation. He executed some good altar-pieces, and many excellent portraits; but he was on the whole a dry and feeble painter, careful in drawing, but weak in colouring and ascetic in sentiment. His masterpiece was considered "The Expulsion of Satan from Paradise," in the church of San Alberto at Seville. Among his drawings or portraits is one of Cervantes.—(Cean Bermudez, Diccionario Historico, &c.; Stirling, Annals of the Artists of Spain.)—R. N. W.
PACHOMIUS, whose name occupies so prominent a place in the early history of monachism, born about 292, was originally a pagan soldier in the Roman army. When his term of service expired he returned to Egypt, received christian baptism, and having spent twelve years with one of the devout recluses of the Thebais, he became the founder of the cloister life there. The society of monks which he formed in Tabennæ, an island of the Nile, was bound together by rules which he professed to have received from an angel; and under his presidency it increased to three thousand members.—W. B.
PACHYMERA or PACHYMERES, Georgius, a priest of the Greek church, born at Nicæa in 1242, held various important offices of state at Constantinople under Michael Palæologus and Andronicus II. in the thirteenth century. He is best known by his history of these two emperors, written with an impartial fidelity, which enhances its value as the work of a contemporary chronicler. A "Paraphrase on the Epistles of the elder Dionysius," a "Compendium of the Aristotelian Philosophy," and a "Treatise on the Procession of the Holy Ghost," also bear his name. He died about 1315.—W. B.
PACINI, Giovanni, the celebrated opera composer, son of Luigi Pacini, known in Italy as Pacini of Rome, was born at Syracuse in 1796, but was sent to Rome for his musical education at a very early age. From Rome he went to Bologna, where he received lessons in singing from Marchesi, and in harmony and counterpoint from Mattei. Before completing these lessons he went to Venice, and had some instruction from the old maestro di capella of St. Mark's, Furlanetto. Destined by his parents for a place in some chapel, he began by writing church music. But his taste soon led him to the theatre, for which he composed, at the age of eighteen, a little opera called "Annetta e Lucindo," which was favourably received at Venice. In 1815 he wrote a farce for Pisa, and in the same year, his "Rosina," for Florence. In 1817 he wrote four operas for a small theatre in Milan. From Milan he went to Venice, where he wrote "L'Ingenua," and returned to Milan in the carnival of 1818, to give his "Adelaide e Comingio." This opera, considered one of his best productions, was followed by "Il Barone di Dolsheim," at La Scala. To these works succeeded, in the principal Italian cities, "L'Ambizione Delusa," "Gli Sponsali d' Silfi," "Il Falegname di Livonia," "Ser Marcantonio," "La Sposa fedele," "La Schiava di Bagdad," and many other works. In 1824 he made his debut at Naples, by "Alessandro nelle Indie." Here he married a young Neapolitan lady, and lived in retirement for about a year. In the summer of 1825 his "Amazilia" was produced at the San Carlos; and on the 19th of November following, for the festival of the queen, his "L'Ultimo Giorno di Pompeia," a serious opera, reckoned among his best works. In 1826 his "Niobe," written for Pasta, was brought out, at first with doubtful success, but afterwards with general acceptance. For some time after this Pacini lived at Portici, near Naples, having already written, at the age of hardly thirty, about thirty operas, several masses, cantatas, and some instrumental music. But this activity did not continue. Between 1826 and the summer of 1828 M. Fetis knows of no work of Pacini's except "I Crociati in Tolemaide," which was successfully performed at Trieste. In December of 1828 he went to Turin, to bring out at the carnival "Gli Arabi nolle Gallie," one of his best works. This was succeeded in 1829 and 1830 by "Margherita d'Anjou." "Cesare in Egetto," and "Giovanni di Calais." In this last year "Giovanni d'Arco" failed at La Scala. From that time Pacini did not often come before the world, although an opera of his called "Saffo," enjoyed great popularity. He had melody, facility of style, and good understanding of stage effect; but, being an imitator of Rossini, he shared the fate of his model, so prematurely abandoned by the Italians. Pacini died in November, 1867.—E. F. R.
PACIO, Giulio (Julius Pacius)—sometimes called Pacius à Beriga from a paternal country seat—lawyer and philosopher, born at Vicenza in 1550; died at Valence in 1635. His parents having cared for his early education, he was sent in due course to Padua, studied under eminent masters, and took the degree of doctor of civil law. Once more resident at Vicenza, his religious tenets gave umbrage to those in authority, and he deemed it prudent to take refuge in Geneva. Here, deprived of his property, he maintained himself by teaching, after a while delivered lectures on civil law, and in 1578 was called to a chair of jurisprudence. Here also he married a refugee lady of Lucca, whose protestant zeal appears to have outstripped his own. In 1585 he accepted a professorship either of law or philosophy at Heidelberg; and in 1595 removed to Sédan to fill the chair of logic in its newly-founded academy. When war broke out he once more sought an asylum at Geneva, but quitted it to become principal of the college of Nîmes. Another migration fixed him as regius professor of law at Montpellier, where Peiresc was numbered amongst his pupils, and set his heart on seeing his beloved master restored to the Roman fold; an event said to have taken place in 1619. His final residence, with the interval of a brief Paduan professorship, was at Valence, where he succeeded Cujas, and enjoyed considerable emoluments and much honour. He has left many admired works, both legal and philosophical, amongst which are, "Corpus Juris Civilis," folio; and "Aristotelis Organum, Gr. et Lat.," 8vo.—C. G. R.
PACUVIUS, Marcus, a very celebrated Roman tragedian, was born about 220 b.c., at Brundisium. He was a relative of Ennius, either his grandson by a daughter, or more probably a nephew, son of his sister. At what time he left his native place for Rome is unknown. In the metropolis he followed painting and poetry. When a very old man he returned to Brundisium, and died there at the age of ninety, 130 b.c. Few particulars of his life are related. He enjoyed the friendship of Lælius and Accius. As far as we can now ascertain, he was a kind-hearted, modest, and unambitious man. His reputation as a poet was deservedly great. Both in conception and style he proved himself a true son of the tragic muse. Most of his plays were based on the Greek tragedies of Sophocles and Euripides; but he exhibited freedom and independence at the same time. Some were founded on Roman history. There is reason for believing that he also wrote comedies and satires; but his fame rested on his tragedies. Nothing but fragments of his works have been preserved, which are best edited by Bothe, Lips. 1834, 8vo; and Ribbeck, 1852, 8vo.—S. D.
PADILLA, Juan Lopez de, the leader of the Guerra de las Comunidades, an insurrection in Castile against the ministers of Charles V. This prince, on going to take possession of the imperial crown of Germany, left Adrian of Utrecht to administer the kingdom in his absence. The rational jealousy of a foreigner, as well as the oppressive administration of the regent, created a wide-spread spirit of discontent, which first manifested itself at Toledo. When the inhabitants found that their deputies had actually voted a supply without obtaining redress, they rose in arms, choosing Padilla to be their leader, and proclaiming a popular form of government. The royal troops suffered a defeat near Valladolid; and Padilla, marching on Tordesilla, secured the person of Queen Juana (the mother of Charles), who had long been in a state of mental imbecility, placed her at the head of the government, and proclaimed the deposition of Adrian; but, from the assurance of success, dissensions arose between the nobles and the junta, representing the popular element in the insurrection. The junta deposed Padilla from his military command, and appointed in his stead Don Pedro Giron, a man unequal to the position. In 1520 the royal troops were victo-
