which was read publicly in the synod, and incorporated among its acts. But though a decided Calvinist, he was a lover of peace and union, and laboured earnestly to bring about a better understanding between the two great divisions of evangelical protestantism. Hence his "Irenicum, sive de unione et synodo evangelicorum concilianda," published in 1615, in which he reduces the doctrinal dissensions of the two parties to the single point of the Lord's supper, upon which he urges that Melancthon had differed from Luther as much as the Reformed differed from the Lutherans; and yet Luther had continued to value Melancthon's writings more than his own.—P. L.
PAREUS, Philip, the son of David Pareus, was born in 1576. He studied at various colleges, and in 1610 was rector of Neustadt, but when the Spaniards took that place in 1622 he lost his library and his office. He was professor in various places, and died in 1650. He wrote several critical works, and a life of his father, whose commentaries he edited.—B. H. C.
PARINI, Giuseppe, poet, born in Bosisio, Milanese, 22nd May, 1729; died in Milan, 15th August, 1799. His parents were honest poor persons. In compliance with their advice, Giuseppe embraced the ecclesiastical state, and eked out his scanty means by law-copying. His taste, however, was keen for literature; he revelled in the Latin and Italian poets; and in 1752 published, under the assumed name of Ripano Eupilino, a volume of verses, which won for him a creditable place amongst his literary brethren: and to his honour be it recorded, that he now taught successively in two noble families, and was thus the better able to assist his mother. In 1756 he entered the lists of criticism against Alessandro Bandiera, controverting his depreciatory verdict on the celebrated preacher Padre Segneri; and in 1760 opposed his old master Padre Brandi on a question of dialect. Parini's fame was however fully established in 1763 by the publication of "Il Mattino," being the first part of "Il Giorno," a poem in blank verse, which satirizes the mode of life of the Milanese nobility of the day; recording, with ironical approbation, toilet, visits, feasts, lounges, and the hundred frivolities of luxurious life. In 1769 Parini was elected professor of eloquence in Milan, in which capacity he gave his admired "Lezioni di Belle Lettere," clear in style and courteous in manner. In 1796, under Bonaparte, he was elected to the Milanese magistracy, and on retiring from office distributed his entire stipend amongst the poor. The re-establishment of Austrian dominion proving prejudicial both to his interests and to his health, he sought consolation in religion, and used to contemplate the Last Supper of Leonardo da Vinci, of which a copy hung in his house. Finally, with a sort of prelude of Socratic discourse amongst his friends, he passed peacefully away.—C. G. R.
PARIS, François de, was born at Paris, June 30, 1690; studied at Nanterre and Paris, and became very devout and ascetic. He began to study law, but in 1712 went to spend some time in a monastery, and the following year he entered the seminary of St. Magloire, where he assumed the tonsure and ecclesiastical dress. At the death of his parents he was deprived of most of his inheritance. He lived in voluntary and abject poverty and self-denial, and was fond of distributing religious books, especially the New Testament, some notes on which by him came out after his death. In 1720 he was made a deacon. At length, on May 1st, 1727, he sank under the self-imposed tortures, by which he had been reduced to a living skeleton. After his death many revered him as a saint, and possessed themselves of his relics, while many miracles were said to be wrought by them and at his grave. Excitement and controversy went so far that the authorities interfered, and the miracles ceased. These miracles were chiefly defended by the Jansenists, to whom De Paris was allied, and records of them both in MS. and in print were widely circulated.—B. H. C.
PARIS, John Ayrton, M.D., a distinguished physician and author, was born at Cambridge in August, 1785. He received the first part of his medical education in the university of his native town. He was matriculated at Caius college on 17th December, 1803, and in the January of the following year was elected to a Tancred scholarship in physic. During the early part of his university career he exhibited a strong bent for natural science, and was a diligent student of chemistry under Professor Parish, and of mineralogy under Dr. Clarke. On his leaving Cambridge he went to Edinburgh, where he availed himself of those advantages which that university offers to the medical student. He then took the degree of M.B. at Cambridge, and proceeded to London. On his arrival in town he obtained the friendship of Dr. Maton, who warmly assisted him in his plans of professional advancement. In 1809, being then only twenty-three years of age, he was by a large majority of votes elected physician to the Westminster hospital. In 1813 he quitted London for a time and went to Penzance; he there obtained a high reputation as a physician, and also distinguished himself as a mineralogist and geologist. He was mainly instrumental in founding the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, and contributed to its Transactions several papers on local geology. In 1817 Dr. Paris returned to London, where for thirty years he pursued an honourable and successful career. After serving several times as censor at the College of Physicians he succeeded to the president's chair, on the death of Sir Henry Halford. In 1821 he was admitted a fellow of the Royal Society, and was repeatedly a member of the council of that body. He died on the 24th of June, 1857. He was the author of several works on science and medicine, amongst which are a valuable treatise "On Medical Jurisprudence," written in conjunction with Mr. Fonblanque, 1825; a treatise "On Diet," 1827; an admirable "Life of Sir Humphrey Davy," 1831. But the work by which Dr. Paris will be best remembered in medicine is his "Pharmacologia." The first edition of this standard book appeared as a small volume in 1812.—F. C. W.
PARIS, Matthew, one of the most celebrated of our early chroniclers, is supposed to have been born towards the close of the twelfth century. His country and parentage are unknown; perhaps he was surnamed Paris because he had studied in that city. In the January of 1217 he became a monk of the Benedictine monastery of St. Albans, where in 1235 he succeeded as chronicler Roger of Wendover. In 1248 he visited Norway, and returned home in 1250. He seems to have enjoyed the favour of Henry III., and to have been intimate with many of the persons who, by their position and experience, could best aid him in his historical labours. He is said to have been accomplished in all the learning, art, and science, both theoretical and practical, of his age. He died at St. Albans in 1259. Matthew Paris was long considered the author of the Historia Major, which went under his name, a chronicle commencing with the Norman Conquest, and coming down to the year of his death. It is now clear, however, that to the year 1253 the Historia Major is merely a redaction by Matthew Paris of the work known as Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum. Mr. Coxe, who edited the Flores for the English Historical Society, had before him what he believed to be the original MS. of Roger of Wendover, with Matthew Paris' alterations and additions, and has printed the latter separately in an appendix. The remaining section from 1235 to 1259, Matthew Paris' own composition, is written with great spirit, although from its strongly national feeling, and the bitterness of its attacks upon the papacy, its authority has been depreciated by modern Roman catholic writers. The Historia Minor, a sort of abridgment of the larger work, still remains in MS. Of the Latin text of the Historia Major there have been several editions, superseded for most practical purposes by the excellent French translation of M. Huillard-Breholles, 9 vols., Paris, 1840-41, with an introduction by the Duke de Luynes. There are English translations both of the Flowers of History and of Matthew Paris' continuation, in Bohn's Antiquarian Library.—F. E.
PARIS, Pierre Adrien, French architect, was born at Besançon in 1747. The son of an architect, he studied first under his father, and then at Paris under Trouard, architect to the king. In 1772 he went as royal pensioner to Rome. The fruits of his studies in that city appeared in his "Examen des Edifices de Rome," folio, plates; and his "Restauration du Colysée," 45 folio plates. M. Paris also published a "Recueil de dessins et études," in 9 vols. folio, which contains many of his own designs; and he made several drawings of ancient monuments for Saint-Non's Travels in Naples, and other works. The chief buildings erected by M. Paris were the Hotel de Ville, Neufchâtel; the portail of the cathedral of Orleans; and the hospital of Bourg: but he disavowed the last on account of alterations made whilst it was in progress. In 1778 he was nominated designer to the king, and to him was confided the entire charge of the fêtes of Versailles, Marli, and Trianon. He was also architect to the opera. In 1788 he was created Knight of St. Michel, and about the same time elected a member of the Academy. Deprived of all his employments by the Revolution, he lived in strict seclusion till 1806, but employed his leisure by
