or undertake public duties in consequence of old age. Paulus was a man of genius and unwearied activity. He wrote much, and had the ability to set forth in a clear and forcible style the ideas he wished to communicate. None of his works, however, were destined to live beyond his own day. His theology was naturalistic and flat—a thing of the understanding only, without spiritual life. His principal publications are—"A philological, critical, and historical commentary on the New Testament," 4 vols., 8vo, Lubeck, 1800-1804; a "Clavis on the Psalms," Jena, 1791, 8vo; a "Clavis on Isaiah," Jena, 1793, 8vo; Sophronizon, a periodical, was edited, 1819-29, 8vo; "Memorabilia," in eight parts, 8vo, 1791-96, Leipsic; a collection of the best Travels in the East, 1792-1803, Jena, 7 vols.; a "Life of Jesus," 2 vols., 8vo, Heidelberg, 1828; "Exegetical Hand-book on the first three Gospels," 3 vols., 8vo, Heidelberg, 1830-33; Schelling's Lectures on Revelation, with a critique, Darnstadt, 1843, 8vo, &c., &c.—S. D.
PAULUS, Julius, a celebrated Roman jurist, flourished about the beginning of the third century of the christian era. He was contemporary with Ulpian, and excerpts from the writings of these two jurists form a very considerable portion of the Digest. Upwards of fifty separate works of Julius Paulus are referred to, but of some of them nothing but the title is known. His style is remarkable for conciseness, and on this account is sometimes obscure.—D. M.
PAUSANIAS, a celebrated Spartan general, was the son of Cleombrotus and nephew of Leonidas. When the Spartans sent five thousand men, each accompanied by seven helots, to aid the Athenians against the Persians, 479 b.c., they were commanded by Pausanias. The allies and Athenians having met, Pausanias became the leader of the united forces; other generals constituting with him a council of war. At Erythræ they were attacked by the Persian cavalry, whom they succeeded in repulsing. After this battle the united army and the Persians posted themselves on the opposite banks of a river in the plain of Platæa, where a celebrated battle was fought in which the Persians were defeated with great slaughter, and Mardonius their leader slain. Great booty fell into the hands of the victors. Immediately after the battle, it was agreed that a festival should be held at Platæa every fifth year, called the feast of liberty; to which deputies from all the Grecian states were to be sent every year to consult on their common welfare. Pausanias led his army against Thebes, demanding the surrender of the Median party there, whose leaders, after a siege of twenty days, were given up and put to death at Corinth. In 477 the allied Greeks despatched a fleet under the command of Pausanias to expel the Persians from the islands of Europe. He attacked Cyprus and subdued it; then captured Byzantium. Ambition, selfishness, corruption, and pride now began to show themselves conspicuously in his character. He proved a traitor to his country, and plotted its subjection to Persia. For this purpose he wrote to Xerxes, whose daughter he proposed to marry. The Persian offered him money and troops sufficient to enable him to carry out his purposes. After this he became intolerably insolent and overbearing to the allies, who proposed to transfer the pre-eminence of rank belonging to Sparta to the Athenians, in order to get rid of their imperious head. As soon as his behaviour was reported at Sparta he was recalled, and another sent in his place. But the allies refused to obey Dorcis; and, therefore, the Spartans ceased to aid in the war against Persia. Though convicted on various small matters, sufficient proof of his treachery was not forthcoming. Leaving Sparta as if for the purpose of engaging in the Persian war, he went to Byzantium, and recommenced his correspondence with the enemy. Having grossly misbehaved there, he was obliged to leave the city, and repaired to Colonæ; whence he was commanded by the Spartan ephors to return, and was cast into prison on his arrival. Being released, however, he courted a trial, but the ephors did not accept the challenge. He now began to tamper with the helots, promising them their freedom if they would overturn the government. Nor were his intrigues with the Persian court abandoned. They were betrayed, however, by the bearer of a lettter to Artabazus, and a snare was laid for him, in which the ephors had an opportunity of hearing evidence of his infidelity to Sparta from his own lips. Thus detected at last in his base career, he fled for shelter to the temple of Athene; but the ephors uncovered the roof and barricaded the door; his aged mother, it is said, taking part in this work. Just as he was at the point of death they took him out, and when he ceased to breathe it was resolved to bury his body near the temple. His death happened after 471 b.c., but the exact year is uncertain.—S. D.
PAUSANIAS, a Greek topographical writer, is thought to have been a native of Lydia or of Cæsarea in Cappadocia, and belonged to the second century of our era. He lived in the times of the Antonines. All that we know of him is from his work entitled Ἑλλάδος περιήγηςισ, a work in ten books, containing a description of many countries and places chiefly belonging to Greece. Not only did he travel through most parts of Greece, but also visited other places—Rome, Delos, Libya, Syria, Palestine, &c. The work is properly an itinerary, describing places as they were seen when he came to them. It contains very various information and much curious matter. His remarks are mythological, legendary, historical, and artistic, showing great simplicity and credulity on the part of the writer. The style is bad, and the meaning often obscure. The best edition of the work is that of Schubart and Walz, in three octavo volumes, 1838-40, Leipsic. It has been translated into English by T. Taylor.—S. D.
PAUSIAS of Sicyon, a celebrated Greek encaustic painter, renowned for his effective light and shade, and skill in foreshortening. He was greatly distinguished for a picture of the sacrifice of a bull; the animal was black, but painted on a white ground. It was represented foreshortened, and Pausias had very skilfully contrived to produce the effect of great size by simply casting its shadow on a portion of the surrounding ground. It was in the hall of Pompey at Rome in Pliny's time. He was also a distinguished, flower painter. L. Lucullus bought at Athens a copy of a picture by him of his wife Glycera, wreathing a garland of flowers, for two talents, or upwards of four hundred guineas., a large price for a mere copy at any time, and that of a single figure only with a wreath of flowers. Pausias belonged to the Alexandrian period of art, about 350 b.c., when painting was not only fully developed, but was even declining into a display of technical proficiency even. The painters of this time were to the great painters of the time of Pericles, much what the Bolognese masters of the Carracci period were to those of Rome and Florence in the sixteenth century.— (Wornum, Epochs of Painting.)—R. N. W.
PAUTRE, Jean le, a celebrated French designer and engraver, was born at Paris in 1617. He studied architectural design, and was for some time engaged in making designs for ornamental work in the office of a builder. But, having learned to engrave, he published some of his designs which met with so much success that he adopted this line of art as his profession. His plates exceed fourteen hundred in number. Most of them consist of scrolls, friezes, panels, vases, grotesques, and other architectural ornaments, chiefly in the renaissance style, designed as well as engraved by himself. A selection of seven hundred plates of architectural ornaments of Jean le Pautre's was published in four small folio volumes, 1659, and following years. Le Pautre engraved a few religious, mythological, and landscape prints and portraits, chiefly from the designs of Farinati. He died at Paris in 1682.—His brother, Antoine le Pautre—born 1614; died 1691—was an architect of some repute in his day. He built the Hotel de Beauvais, in the Rue St. Antoine, and that of Gevres, Rue Neuve St. Augustin; the church of the Port Royal; and the Pont Neuf, Paris; and he published a volume of designs called "Œuvres d'Architecture."—J. T—e.
PAUW, Cornelius, a learned author, was born at Amsterdam in 1739. After concluding his studies at Göttingen, he was appointed canon of Xanten, in the duchy of Cleves. Here he devoted himself to literary pursuits, and wrote various works in the French language, on the history and characteristics of different nations and countries. His treatises on the Greeks, the Americans, the Egyptians, and the Chinese, are curious, and evince considerable talent, in addition to research; but they are too full of dogmatism and mere conjecture, and possess comparatively little solidity of judgment. Plunged in dejection by the invasion of the duchy of Cleves that followed the French revolution, Pauw died in 1799. He is not to be confounded with another Pauw, John Cornelius, who was born at Utrecht towards the close of the seventeenth century, and attained some eminence as a classical scholar, having published several valuable editions of Greek authors, particularly Anacreon, in 1732.—J. J.
PAVON, Don Jose, a distinguished Spanish botanist, was born about the middle of last century, and died in 1844. He
