under circumstances of the most refined cruelty; and the estates of a large portion of the nobility were rendered almost valueless for want of cultivators. While maintaining a lavish expenditure, the policy of this monarch was to look for supplies rather to the mines of America than to the development of the industry of Spain; and the result laid the foundation of the decline of the kingdom. Philip died in February, 1621. By Margaret of Austria he had three sons—Philip, who succeeded him; Charles, who died in 1632; and Ferdinand, known as the Cardinal Infante of Spain. His daughter Anne married Louis XIII. of France, and Maria Anna, who was contracted to Charles I. of England when prince of Wales, was afterwards married to the Emperor Ferdinand III.—F. M. W.
Philip IV., surnamed the Great, was born in 1605, and succeeded his father, Philip III., in February, 1621. At first he manifested a vigour strongly contrasting with his father's character. But in the state of the kingdom at that time it was impossible that the task of ruling it could be a pleasant one, and Philip IV. soon abandoned himself to pleasure, and resigned the real sovereignty to Gasper Guzman, count-duke of Olivarez. The first step of this minister was to rid himself of the favourites of the last reign—the duke of Lerma, Rodrigo de Calderon, and the duke of Ossuna. Among the leading events of the reign we note the romantic visit of Charles I. of England to Madrid, as the suitor of the infanta, Philip's sister; the reversion of the Low Countries to the Spanish crown, and the final recognition of their independence by the peace of Westphalia (1648). The war with France continued for eleven years afterwards, France being at that time leagued with England, under Cromwell, and the peace of the Pyrenees (1659) was only obtained by a cession of territory. Twice, also, was Spain engaged in wars in Italy during this reign, besides the insurrection in her Neapolitan dominions under Massaniello. The home administration of Olivarez was as disastrous as his foreign policy. The insurrection in Catalonia (1640), brought on by the burdens recklessly imposed to carry on the war with France, was quenched with great difficulty. But the necessity of withdrawing troops for this purpose from Portugal gave occasion for an insurrection, which ended in the duke of Braganza being proclaimed king of that country, 15th December, 1640. The favourite whose administration had caused all these calamities was disgraced in 1647, and succeeded by his nephew Louis de Haro. The war with Portugal, however, continued during the whole of this reign, but the battle of Villa Vicosa (1665) firmly established the independence of the kingdom. Philip died, it is said of grief at the loss of this province, on the 17th of September, 1665, and was succeeded by his son Charles II. then only three years old. His daughter Margaret Theresa was married to her cousin the Emperor Leopold, and his daughter Maria Theresa to Louis XIV.—F. M. W.
Philip V., great-grandson of Philip IV., through his daughter Maria Louisa, and grandson of Louis XIV. of France, was born in 1683, and succeeded Charles II. as king of Spain, on 3d November, 1700. The first years of his reign were distinguished chiefly by the "war of succession," caused by the rival claim to the throne of Charles, grandson of Charles II. through his younger daughter Margaret Theresa. The cause of Charles was espoused not only by his father, the Emperor Leopold, but by the Dutch and the English; and the most memorable incident of the war was the capture of Gibraltar by Sir George Rooke (1704). The citadel and town of Barcelona surrendered to the forces commanded by the earl of Peterborough, and all Catalonia acknowledged Charles as king. Arragon followed its example. Philip and his queen (Maria Louisa of Savoy) were compelled to leave Madrid, and Charles entered in triumph. The French king rendered his grandson what aid he could, but the combination of the allies was too strong for him to resist, and, towards the close of the war, he was obliged to promise, if not strictly to observe, a neutral policy. The death of Leopold called Charles to the throne of Germany, and Philip, who had on his part renounced his contingent right to the French crown, was acknowledged king of Spain and the Indies by the treaty of Utrecht, 11th April, 1713. The loss of his consort (February, 1714) seems to have aggravated the hypochondriac weakness of Philip, and he was more than ever under the influence of the Princess Orsini, who had been lady of the bedchamber to the late queen, and of Alberoni, a man of low extraction, afterwards made a cardinal. By these two persons the king was induced to marry Elizabeth Farnese, niece of the duke of Parma. The first step of the new queen was to dismiss the princess, and she speedily gained an ascendancy equal to that which the favourite had long wielded, Alberoni being her faithful coadjutor. These two ambitious counsellors devoted their efforts chiefly to two points—securing the reversion of the French crown in case of the death of Louis XV., and the recovery of the Italian provinces lost by the treaty of Utrecht. The result was the formation of the triple alliance of England, France, and the Empire, which became the quadruple alliance by the accession of Holland, and Philip was obliged to evacuate Sicily and Sardinia, to dismiss his minister, and accede to the alliance. In 1724 Philip abdicated in favour of his son Louis, and retired with the queen to the monastery of San Ildefonso; but the death of Louis compelled him to resume the crown a few months afterwards. The active intrigues of the queen secured the throne of the Two Sicilies for her son Carlos, afterwards Charles III. of Spain, and the dukedom of Parma for her son Philip. The king died in 1746, and was succeeded by his son Ferdinand.—F. M. W.
PHILIP of Orleans. See Orleans.
PHILIP of Pokanoket, an Indian sachem, the "King Philip" of the early colonists of New England, was one of the most resolute foes who opposed the successful settlement and occupation of their transatlantic home. After various treaties of peace and amicable arrangements, he began in June, 1675, a war of extermination, which was ended in August, 1676, when he was killed by a party of the colonists at Mount Hope in Rhode Island.—F. E.
PHILIPOT, John, Somerset herald in the reign of Charles I., was a native of Folkestone in Kent. He applied himself early to the study of heraldry and antiquities, and was employed as deputy or marshal by Camden and other heralds in their visitations. In 1636 he published a "Catalogue of the Chancellors of England," and in 1637 an edition of Camden's Remains, with additions. In the spirit of earlier times he followed the king when the civil troubles began, and was taken prisoner in a village near Oxford by the parliament men and sent to London. He soon obtained his liberty, but survived his captivity but a short time, dying prematurely in 1645. He was buried in the church of St. Bennet, Paul's wharf.—Thomas, his son, published a valuable work entitled "Villare Cantianum, or Kent surveyed." The composition is usually attributed to the father. Thomas also published a volume of poems and a strangely pedantic book on heraldry entitled "An historical discourse," &c.—R. H.
PHILIPPA, Queen of Edward III., king of England, was second daughter of that Count William of Hainault at whose court Edward and his mother, Queen Isabella, took refuge in 1326. Philippa was then about fifteen years old, and Prince Edward a few months older. She was a beautiful princess, and he a handsome prince. They became mutually attached, and when Edward succeeded his deposed father he married Philippa by proxy at Valenciennes in October, 1327. She reached London before the end of the year, was received with public rejoicings, but did not meet her husband till the 24th January, 1328, when she arrived at York. Her union with this brave and able king was blessed with a numerous progeny, of whom at least two—the Black Prince and John of Gaunt—raised the military renown of England to the highest pitch. During forty years of her married life she exercised a mild and beneficent sway over the impetuous disposition of her husband. At Calais she saved the lives of the captured burghers by her intercession. She accompanied Edward in several of his campaigns, but in 1346, being left regent of the kingdom, she resisted the invasion of the Scots and animated the English troops by her presence as they proceeded to Neville's Cross, where the Scots suffered a defeat which led to the capture of David their king. She was the glory of that brilliant court of which her poet Chaucer has sung. More enduring fame belongs to her for the earnestness with which she promoted the manufacture of cloth in England, which she first naturalized by establishing a colony of Flemings at Norwich. This good queen died of a dropsical complaint on the 14th August, 1369, and her loss to the king would seem to have been the loss of his good genius, for the remaining years of his reign were tarnished by his excesses and his folly.—(Strickland's Lives of the Queens.)—R. H.
PHILIPPIDES, a distinguished comic poet who flourished at Athens 323 b.c. He was considered one of the best poets of the new comedy, and the shafts of his satire were directed
