of honorary curator, and continued to supervise the geological department. In 1844 the chair of geology in the university of Dublin was awarded to him; and in the same year he devoted himself to the examination of the Malvern district, on the part of the Geological Survey. He has also held for a short time the office of government inspector of mines. In 1853, on the death of Mr. Strickland, he became the successor of Dr. Buckland as reader or professor of geology in the university of Oxford—a chair which he still tills. He was chosen president of the Geological Society for the years 1858 and 1859. He has also received the honour of the Wollaston medal. Professor Phillips' printed contributions to geological science are far too numerous to be here completely catalogued. We may, however, mention the following as amongst his best known works—"A Guide to Geology," fourth edition, 1854; "Figures and Descriptions of the Palæozoic Fossils of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset, observed in the course of the geological survey of that district," London, 1841; an essay "On the Geology of the Lake district" in Black's Guide to the Lakes; the "Neighbourhood of Oxford and its Geology," in the Oxford Essays; the president's address to the Geological Society, February, 1860; a manual of geology, practical and theoretical; a volume of the Encyc. Metrop; a treatise on geology in Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopædia, second edition, 1852; the Malvern hills compared with the palæozoic districts of Abberley, in the second volume of the Memoirs of the Geological Survey, 1848; a memoir of W. Smith, 1844; "Life on the Earth," 1860; articles on geology in the Penny Cyclopædia and in the Encyclopædia Britannica; a "Geological Map of the British Isles, 1842," published for the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge; and many papers contributed to the Transactions of the Geological Society.—F. C. W.
PHILLIPS, Morgan, or Philip Morgan, was a native of Monmouthshire, and studied at Oxford, where he was B.A. in 1537. He attained such eminence as a disputant, that he was called Morgan the Sophister. He was fellow of Oriel college, and in 1546 principal of St. Mary's hall. With the popish party he was a great favourite, and had a discussion with Peter Martyr about the eucharist in 1549. Of this discussion he published an account in Latin. Under Mary he was chanter of St. David's, but was deprived by Elizabeth, and went to Rome with Cardinal Allen, whom he was associated with in founding the college at Douay in 1568. He replied to Knox's First Blast of the Trumpet, in a work published at Liege in 1571.—B. H. C.
PHILLIPS, Peter, an English musician, better known to the world by his Italian name, Pietro Philippi, was an exquisite composer. He was born about 1560, but no particulars of his early life are known. In 1595 he was in Italy, and acquired some fame at Rome. He afterwards went to Antwerp, and was appointed organist to the archduke and arch-duchess of Austria, Albert and Isabella, governors of the Low Countries. He also became a canon of Soigny, a city or town in Hainault. Peacham calls him "our rare countryman, one of the greatest masters of music in Europe," adding that "he has sent us over many excellent songs, as well motets as madrigals," and that he "affecteth altogether the Italian vein." Many of his madrigals are printed in the Melodia Olympica, and they are of the highest excellence. Dr. Burney says that the first regular fugue for the organ, upon one subject, which he had ever met with was composed by Peter Phillips, about the end of the sixteenth century. It is inserted in the Virginal book of Queen Elizabeth in the Fitzwilliam museum, Cambridge, which contains eighteen or twenty of his compositions. He is supposed to have died about 1623.—E. F. R.
PHILLIPS, Sir Richard, Knight, author and publisher, was born in London in 1767. It is said that his real name was Philip Rickards, and that he was brought up in the business of his uncle, a brewer. A reader and even a student, he became in time a schoolmaster at Leicester, where in 1790, he founded the Leicester Herald; and starting as a bookseller, he was imprisoned in 1793 for vending Paine's Rights of Man. Returning to London, he ultimately started in 1796 the Monthly Magazine, with Dr. Aiken for its first editor, and Peter Pindar and Belsham among its contributors. The Monthly, with its radical politics, flourished, and Phillips became a publisher on a large scale. In 1807 he was chosen a sheriff of London, and accepted the honour of knighthood in 1808, somewhat to the surprise of his republican friends. During his tenure of office he failed, but managed afterwards to repurchase some of his copyrights, which included the successful school-books, known as Mavor's. He died at Brighton in 1840. Besides his violent contributions to the Monthly Magazine, signed "Common Sense," he wrote several books, among them "A Morning's Walk from London to Kew," 1817, and "The Proximate Causes of Material Phenomena," 1821, in which he endeavoured to overthrow the Newtonian theory of gravitation! With all his extravagance Phillips was a man of some practical sense and shrewdness—a Cobbett on a wider scale. His "Million of Facts" was one of the earliest of those miniature encyclopædias of universal knowledge which have since become so popular. From an early age he had abstained from the use of animal food, and the vegetarian editor of Mr. Borrow's Lavengro may, we think, be easily recognized as a portrait of Sir Richard Phillips.—F. E.
PHILLIPS, Samuel, LL.D., known chiefly as the literary critic of the Times, was born in London in 1815. His father was a Jewish tradesman in Regent Street, and seems to have kept a bric-à-brac shop. The young Phillips displayed a good deal of histrionic talent, and was destined for an early appearance on the stage. Through the interposition, however, of the late duke of Sussex and others, this intention was abandoned, and he was sent to London university, to the university of Göttingen, and finally, with the view of entering the English church, to Cambridge. He was soon recalled from the university by the death of his father, whose business, with the aid of a brother, he endeavoured unsuccessfully to carry on for the benefit of his mother and her family. He then embraced literature as a profession. He was accepted as a contributor by Blackwood's Magazine, where appeared his striking novel, "Caleb Stukely," of which more than one edition was published in a separate form, and other tales; "We're all low people here," &c., reprinted after his death with that title. At one time, we believe, Mr. Phillips acted as secretary to Mr. Alderman Salomons. In political journalism, whether as writer, editor, or proprietor, he did not succeed. His leading articles in the Morning Herald were written chiefly to prop up the falling cause of protectionism, and he lost by the purchase of the John Bull, the old organ of toryism, which he owned and edited for a period. His literary criticisms in the Times, elaborate, acute, and sometimes eloquent, excited however great attention; as a series they were the earliest literary papers of mark contributed to a London daily newspaper in our time, admirable as was and has been the literary criticism of several of the weekly journals. They procured him the degree of LL.D. from the university of Göttingen, and the best of them were published separately in two series as "Essays from the Times," 1852-54. He was an active promoter of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, near which he resided, and was for a time its literary director, composing its "General Guide," and volumes of brief biographical notices, "The Portrait Gallery of the Crystal Palace." An early tendency to consumption had been aggravated by a fall from a horse in 1844, and by subsequent overwork. He died at Brighton in 1854 of a sudden pulmonary derangement.—F. E.
PHILLIPS, Thomas, R.A., was born at Dudley in Warwickshire in 1770, and died in London in 1845. He was brought up at Birmingham as a glass painter, and was the assistant of West in painting the window of St. George's chapel at Windsor. He, however, eventually distinguished himself as a portrait painter, and in 1808 was elected a member of the Royal Academy. In 1825 he was made professor of painting, but he resigned this post in 1832. During his professorship he made a tour in Italy, with Hilton the historical painter. Phillips was a contributor to Rees' Cyclopædia; and the ten lectures which he delivered to the students of the Royal Academy were published by himself—"Lectures on the History and Principles of Painting," 8vo, London, 1833.—R. N. W.
PHILLIPS, Thomas, a Roman catholic author, who was born at Ickford in Buckinghamshire in 1708. He was educated among the jesuits at St. Omer's, but after he had taken orders he quitted that society and went to Rome, where he was appointed prebendary of the cathedral of Tongres, an appointment which he owed to the favour of the Pretender. He died at Liège in 1774. Phillips was an active writer, and among other works wrote a treatise entitled "The Study of Sacred Literature fully stated and considered, in a discourse to a student in divinity at a foreign university; by T. P., S.C.T.," of which a second edition, enlarged and improved by the author, appeared at London in 1758. His chief work, however, was "The History of the Life of Reginald Pole," 1764, which excited considerable discussion, and was
