Holy Ghost." He followed what may be called the grammatico-historical principle of interpretation, and in accordance therewith commenced in 1778 an edition of the New Testament in Greek, with annotations. Of this work he published three volumes, and it was completed after his death by the labours of Tychsen, Ammon, Heinrichs, and Pott. In 1782 he published a work on the Gospel of Mark; in 1783 an "Explicatio Moisis iii. 14," i.e. Lev. xiv.; and the same year a volume to prove that Mark had not written an epitome of Matthew. In 1784 he removed to Gotha as superintendent and president of the consistory, and in 1788 was appointed court preacher at Hanover. His sermons were published in 1792-93, after his death, which took place in 1791.—B. H. C.
KORAY, Adamantius, or as he wrote his name in French, Diamant Coray, was born at Smyrna in 1748, and after studying at Smyrna, entered upon business, although he preferred letters to commerce. He was sent to Holland, where he spent six years in mercantile transactions, but employed his leisure hours in improving and informing his mind. In 1779 he returned to Smyrna, just after the great fire of that year, in which his father saw the destruction of much of his property. Having determined to renounce the commercial life, he went to Montpelier to study medicine. At this time his ruined fortunes compelled him to seek pecuniary profit by translating from German and English certain medical works. Having taken his doctor's degree and received his testimonials, he went to Paris in 1788, not long before the outbreak of the Revolution. Of that event he was only a silent observer, and he took no part in it; but it generated in his mind the idea of effecting something towards the regeneration of his own country. Greece was then little thought of or known in Europe, and the Greeks were themselves in a low condition every way. Koray saw that he must act upon Greece, but at the same time upon other nations in her favour. The course he took is described by one of his admiring biographers as the "modest and glorious life of the patriarch of modern Greece and the restorer of the Greek nationality." Allowing this to be a little too complimentary, it must be owned that his influence was very great in awakening the national life of Greece, and in exciting the interest and sympathy of Europe. The means he employed were moral and literary. He translated the works of Greek writers into French; and the works of other authors into modern Greek, a language upon which his influence has been very marked. He edited a large collection of Greek classics, and wrote original treatises for the information of Europe as to the state of Greece. In his entire career he studied to advance by all available means, the interests of his country, and died at Paris in 1833, after a useful, laborious, and honourable life.—B. H. C.
KORTHOLT, Christian, a Lutheran church historian, was born in the island of Femern in 1632, and was educated at the universities of Rostock, Jena, Leipsic, and Wittemberg. In 1662 he was made professor of Greek at Rostock, and not long after was removed to Kiel to fill a theological chair, which he continued to occupy till his death in 1694. He was the author of several monographs in the department of church history which brought him much reputation, including—"De Persecutionibus Ecclesiæ Primitive sub imperatoribus Ethnicis," 1660; "Paganus Obtrectator, seu de calumniis gentilium." 1698. He was one of the first protestant theologians who wrote against Baronius, in his "Disquisitiones Antibaronianæ," 1700. He also broke a lance with Bellarmin in his tract "De Canone Sacræ Scripturæ," 1665. The three great impostors referred to in his piece "De tribus Impostoribus Magnis," were the deists Herbert, Hobbes, and Spinoza. His principal work, "Hist. Eccl. Novi Testamenti," Leipsic, 1697, was published after his death. He takes rank in the Lutheran church as an ecclesiastical historian of the first class before the age of Mosheim.—P. L.
KORTHOLT, Christian, a laborious and erudite Danish theologian, was the son of the learned Sebastian Kortholt, and born at Kiel in 1709. After finishing a course of study at Kiel, he went into Holland, and thence to England. He then went into Germany and settled at Leipsic as rector of the university, and co-professor of philosophy. He early appeared as an author, publishing in 1728 a remarkable Latin treatise, "De sacrorum Christianorum in Cimbria primordiis," and in 1731 another, entitled "Commentatio historico-ecclesiastica de ecclesiis suburbicariis," in which he endeavoured to show the actual extent of the jurisdiction of the bishop of Rome, prior to the first council of Nicea. He published a sequel to this the following year, in the famous Acta Eruditorum Lipsiensium, to which he was a very frequent contributor. In 1735 he wrote a dissertation on the Antiquarian Society of London, and about the same time one on Matthew Tindal the English deist. He was afterwards appointed professor of theology at Göttingen, where he was also made ecclesiastical superintendent, and died in 1751. While at Göttingen he wrote a singular essay on the "Enthusiasm of Mohammed," and another on "Simon Peter the first and last of the apostles."—B. H. C.
KORTÜM, Johann Friedrich Christoph, a German historian, was born at Eichhorst, Mecklenburg Strelitz, on the 24th February, 1788, and studied at Halle, Göttingen, and Heidelberg. He then became a master in the Hofwyl academy near Berne; served in the war of liberation; and after much wandering about, at last in 1840 obtained the chair of history at Heidelberg, where he died on the 4th June, 1858. Among his works we note his histories of the "Middle Ages," 2 vols.; of "Rome," and of "Greece," 3 vols.—K. E.
KOSCIUSKO, Thaddeus, a distinguished Pole, born in Lithuania in 1756, of an ancient and noble but not wealthy family. The first part of his education he received at Warsaw, where he entered the army, and attained the rank of captain. He then repaired to Paris, joined the French officers who were about to proceed to America to aid the war of independence, and with them sailed for the western continent in the company of La Fayette. His letter of recommendation from Franklin to Washington, procured him the appointment of aid-de-camp to the republican general. His conspicuous gallantry soon procured his promotion, and in October, 1776, he attained the rank of colonel, and did duty with the engineers. In the campaign of General Gates against the British general, Burgoyne, he fortified the camp of the former, and at a later period was sent to West Point to erect the works there. In America he was highly esteemed, and received the thanks of congress for his services. At the close of the revolutionary war he returned to his native country, and in 1789 was made major-general in the Polish army. In the campaign of 1792 against the Russians, he served under Poniatowski; but the Polish diet forsaking the national cause, and the country being occupied by Russian troops, he withdrew from the service and retired to Germany. In the month of April, 1794, the Polish revolution broke out, and Kosciusko was placed at the head of the national forces, with the title of general and the powers of dictator. He soon encountered the Russians, and although his forces were greatly inferior in number, and very poorly armed, he obtained a decisive victory at Raclawice. In June of the same year he made a bold attack on the united forces of the Russians and Prussians near the city of Warsaw, but being repulsed, was forced to retire to the entrenchments round the capital. Warsaw was then invested, and he defended it till September, compelling the assailing force to quit its position and raise the siege; but large reinforcements having arrived under Suwarrow, he was induced to give battle in the field. The Poles numbered twenty thousand men, and the Russians nearly three times the number. About fifty miles from Warsaw, on the 10th October, the battle of Macziewice was fought. The struggle was severe, and the Poles were at last compelled to give way. Kosciusko fell wounded, and was taken prisoner by the enemy. Warsaw could hold out no longer, and capitulated. The general was taken to St. Petersburg, and kept in confinement during the lifetime of the Empress Catharine; but after her death he was liberated by the Emperor Paul, and offered service in the Russian army, which he declined. It is said that the czar presented him with his own sword, and that Kosciusko's reply was—"I no longer need a sword, since I have no longer a country." Napoleon was willing to engage him, seeking probably the influence of his name; but Kosciusko would not enter the emperor's service. In 1797 he visited the United States, and received a grant from congress for his services. He returned to France, and lived in retirement until the year 1814, when he endeavoured to enlist the Emperor Alexander in the cause of Poland. In 1815 he again approached the emperor, thanking him for the modifications that had been made in the government of Poland, and demanding that the same should be extended to Lithuania, offering in that case to serve the czar for the rest of his life. His expectations were not realized, and seeing that he could be of no further service to his country, he resolved to retire to Switzerland. In 1816 he fixed his residence at Soleure, and
