settled in Salzburg. In 1821 she removed to Bamberg, where she remained till her death, which occurred in 1825. She painted some historical and genre pieces, but acquired celebrity chiefly by her portraits, which are very numerous, and much esteemed both as likenesses and works of art.—J. T—e.
KRAFFT, Peter, an Austrian painter, was born at Hanau, September 15, 1780. The son of an enamel painter, he entered the academy of Vienna in 1799, and completed his studies in Paris and Rome. At first he painted mythological subjects, such as Europa, Hebe, &c.; then, on returning to Vienna, battle-pieces and court-ceremonials, which were highly esteemed, and a few scriptural and poetical subjects, including an "Adam and Eve;" illustrations of Göthe's Hermann and Dorothea; and a "Belisarius." He held the offices of professor in the Imperial academy, and director of the gallery of the Belvedere. He died, October 28, 1856.—His brother, Joseph Krafft—born in 1787; died in 1828—was a fashionable portrait painter in Vienna.—J. T—e.
KRAFT, Georg Wolfgang, a German natural philosopher, born in 1701. In 1728 he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in the college of St. Petersburg, He here acquired such reputation that his sovereign recalled him to his native country. It was with difficulty he was able to leave his colleagues, but on his arrival at Tübingen he was at once appointed to the chair of mathematics and physics, which he filled with much zeal and success till his death, which occurred in 1754. He is the author of several works on physics and geometry.—W. B—d.
KRANACH or CRANACH, the name by which Lucas Sunder is commonly known, from his birthplace near Bamberg in Bavaria, where he was born in 1472. In 1495 he was appointed painter to the elector of Saxony, Frederick the Wise, and from that time he resided at Wittemberg in the palace of the elector, with whom he had performed the pilgrimage to the Holy Land two years before. Kranach died at Weimar, October 16th, 1552. The career of Lucas Kranach was remarkable; he was the best artist of his time and country, was court painter to three electors, and was the intimate friend of Luther, whom he painted several times. He was one of the witnesses to Luther's marriage to Catherine Bora, and is said to have brought it about himself; he was also twice burgomaster of Wittemberg. His principal works range from 1506 to 1540, and are always marked with a winged serpent, the crest granted to him by the elector, Frederick the Wise, in 1508. His colouring was good, but his pictures are generally hard and without taste in their forms, which are sometimes incorrectly drawn; but some of his heads are finely modelled, and have a very good expression. He was also an engraver. His biographer Heller mentions upwards of eight hundred prints by Kranach, chiefly wood-cuts. A second edition of Heller's work, Lucas Kranach's "Leben und Werke," was published at Nürnberg in 1854. There is also a life of Kranach by Chr. Schuchardt, Leipsic, 1851.—R. N. W.
KRANTZ, Albrecht, was a native of Hamburg, but the year of his birth is not known. After studying at Hamburg and Cologne, he traversed various countries in pursuit of learning. At Rostock he became doctor and professor of theology, &c.; and in 1482 rector of the university. He afterwards returned to Hamburg, and died in 1517, as Bayle says, "having well known the necessity of a reformation in the church." He left a number of elaborate works, including histories of the Vandals, the northern kingdoms, Saxons, &c. He also wrote on grammar, logic, and the mass.—B. H. C.
* KRAPF, Johann Ludwig, an eminent missionary and African traveller, was born on the 11th January, 1810, at the village of Derendingen, near Tübingen, in Würtemberg, where his father was a farmer. He received a good education at a school in Tübingen, and at an early age felt a desire to become a missionary, with which was blended through accidental circumstances a vivid curiosity respecting the unexplored regions of Eastern Africa. Through a missionary friend he was brought into relations with the English Church Missionary Society, and appointed by it to the Abyssinian mission. Starting in February, 1837, he reached in safety his destination Adowah, the capital of Tigre; but the operations of the mission were terminated by the intrigues of the heads of the native church, and Krapf resolved to remove to Ankober, the capital of the christian kingdom of Shoa. Here he remained, teaching and preaching successfully, up to the year 1842. Circumstances were again adverse to the continuance of the mission, and towards the close of 1843 Dr. Krapf proceeded, with the approbation of his superiors, to Zanzibar, to commence missionary labours among the heathens of the eastern coast of equatorial Africa. Settling in the autumn of 1846 with his fellow-worker, the missionary Rebmann, at Rabbai Mpia in the vicinity of Mombas, Dr. Krapf began to preach to the heathen Wanika of the neighbourhood, and to make with missionary objects journeys into the interior, which have been singularly fruitful of important geographical results. The large and interesting section of Eastern Africa, which stretches from the equator to the fifth degree of south latitude, was from the coast inwards a terra incognita until it was traversed by Dr. Krapf and his colleague. The land journeys of Dr. Krapf in Eastern Africa extended to upwards of nine thousand miles, and were made mostly on foot; for the luxury of oxen, enjoyed even by Dr. Livingstone, was beyond the reach of the German missionary. During these journeys he discovered, in the proximity of the equator, the snow-capped mountains of Kenia and Kilimanjaro, and explored, frequently at the risk of his life, countries not only never before visited by civilized man, but which from their unsettled state will be closed for many years to the visits of Europeans. In 1853 Dr. Krapf returned to Europe for the restoration of his health, and after another visit to Abyssinia, was compelled to retrace his steps, and take temporary repose in Switzerland. Besides a number of works on and translations into the languages of Eastern Africa, Dr. Krapf published in 1858 his "Reisen in Ost-Africa," full of the most curious information and missionary experience. An English abridgment of it appeared at London in 1860, with the title "Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours during an eighteen years' residence in Eastern Africa."—F. E.
KRASCHENINNIKOF, Stephen Petrovitch, born at Moscow in 1712. Sent by the Russian government to visit Siberia, he travelled all over that country and through Kamtschatka, during the years 1733 to 1743. Died in 1755.—W. B—d.
KRASICKI, Ignacy, a Polish author of considerable eminence, born at Dubiecko in Gallicia in 1735. He studied under the jesuits, and having taken orders, went to Rome, where he continued his studies for some years, and then returned to Poland. He received in succession several ecclesiastical appointments, and eventually became bishop of Ermeland or Warmia in 1767, and archbishop of Gnezne in 1795. He first attracted attention as a writer by his articles in a literary journal called the Monitor, and was noticed with special favour by the king Stanislaus Poniatowski, to whom some of his earlier poems were addressed. In 1768 he distinguished himself by his decided opposition to the encroachments of Russia. This was followed in 1772 by the first division of Poland, by which his diocese became included in Prussia, and he betook himself to Berlin. He there attracted the notice of Frederic II., who took pleasure in his cheerful and witty disposition. There is a well known story to the effect that the king one day said to him, "I hope you will be able to take me into paradise under your episcopal cloak?" "No, Sire," he answered, "your majesty has so shortened it, that I can hide nothing contraband under it." Through his influence the only Roman catholic church at Berlin was erected. It was consecrated by him in 1780, and there he was buried after his death in 1801; but his remains were removed to Gnezne in 1829. His writings, both in prose and verse, are on all sorts of subjects except religious. They have been compared for style and spirit to the works of Pope, and indeed he has been called the Polish Voltaire. In 1775 he published the "Myszeis," or Mousiad, in which mice play the principal part; it is a mock-heroic poem. In 1778 appeared his satires, which are said not to have been equalled in the Polish language. The same year he published his "Monomachy," or Battle of the monks, which some regard as his best production. His "Fables," 1780, are much admired. Several of his works have been translated into German and French; and a collected edition was published at Warsaw in 1803, and subsequently.—B. H. C.
KRASINSKI, Valerian, Count, born about the year 1780, was the scion of an ancient and illustrious Polish family, distinguished in the literary and in the ecclesiastical annals of their country. He early engaged in literary and religious undertakings, introduced Lord Stanhope's printing-press into Poland, and was occupied with a stereotyped edition of the Bible in Polish, when the revolution of 1830 broke out. He had been appointed chief of the department of the ministry of public instruction in Poland, but nevertheless identified himself with the patriotic party, and was sent by Prince Adam Czartoryski
