rian he chiefly owes to his "Universal History," 9 vols., which has gone through upwards of twenty editions, and has been continued and abridged by different writers. The "Staats-Lexicon," 15 vols., which he edited conjointly with his friend Welcker, enjoys an equal share of popularity. Besides these two standard works he published handbooks of political economy and political science, a "Statistical and Historical Account of the Peninsula," and other works of less merit.—K. E.
ROTTENHAMMER, Johann, was born at Munich in 1564, and was first instructed by a painter of the name of Donauer; he then visited Italy, studying in Rome and in Venice. In the latter place he married; and here he painted on the large scale of the Venetian painters, imitating Tintoretto, then still living; but this scale of work was not congenial with his tastes, and he eventually devoted himself to painting small pictures on copper, in which he was very successful. These small pictures were often enriched by landscape backgrounds, introduced by Jan Breughel or Paul Brill. Rottenhammer also sometimes inserted figures in the landscapes of those masters. His subjects are generally from classical mythology, but he occasionally painted also small religious pieces. There are good and bad pictures by this painter; for he was a man of very extravagant habits, and he was occasionally obliged to work for very small remuneration for the dealers. Both the Elector-palatine John William and the Emperor Rudolph II. were good patrons of Rottenhammer, and he sometimes received large prices from them. He, however, squandered his money as fast as he made it, and died very poor in 1622, at Augsburg, where he latterly resided. He is well represented in the galleries of Munich and Vienna.—(Sandrart, Accademia Todesca, &c.)—R. N. W.
ROTTMANN, Karl, a distinguished German landscape painter, was born in the neighbourhood of Heidelberg in 1798. He began with water-colour painting, and copying the Dutch masters. But in 1822 he removed to Munich, and under the influence of the eminent masters there, turned his attention to a more elevated style and to the study of the grander features of nature, spending his summers among the Bavarian mountains, and working in his painting-room in the winter. In 1826 he went to Italy and Sicily, painted a large view of Palermo for King Ludwig of Bavaria, and made a great number of careful drawings. On his return to Munich in 1829 he was commissioned by King Ludwig to paint in fresco a portion of the arcades of the Hofgarten, with views of famous scenes in Italy and Sicily. For each of these landscapes, twenty-eight in number, the king wrote an inscription in verse. On the completion of this commission (1835), Ludwig sent Rottmann to Greece to make a corresponding series of representations of the famous historical scenes of that country. Several of these were in due course painted in the northern arcades of the Hofgarten, but as the Italian frescoes had become greatly injured, these were painted in encaustic. He also painted the ceiling of the upper story of the royal palace at Munich, and prepared several Grecian landscapes for the New Pinacothek. Rottmann, who was a great favourite with the king, was appointed court painter in 1841, and created knight of the order of St. Michel in 1843. He died at Munich, July 7, 1850. Rottmann's landscapes have been very highly lauded by German writers for their poetic feeling, harmonious colouring, and grandeur of style; but they sadly lack the freshness and individuality to which English eyes are accustomed. His celebrated frescoes have a dull, heavy, decorative look. One of his most admired pictures is "The Field of Marathon." Several of his landscapes have been engraved or lithographed.—J. T—e.
ROUBILIAC, Louis François, a very distinguished French sculptor, remarkable for the elaborate and minute character of his execution, was born at Lyons at the beginning of the eighteenth century, but came early to this country, and here earned his great reputation. Roubiliac was first employed by a maker of monuments, of the name of Carter. While acting as journeyman to this master, he found a pocket-book at Vauxhall, containing a considerable sum of money; this book he advertised, and thus enabled its owner. Sir Edward Walpole, to recover it. From this time Sir Edward became the warm patron of Roubiliac, and so advanced his fortunes as to enable him soon to supplant even Rysbrach in the public favour, which he uninterruptedly enjoyed for about five and twenty years. He died on the 11th of January, 1762, and was buried in the parish of St. Martin's, where he had resided. Dallaway has twenty-eight works by Roubiliac, including busts. The principal of these are, a statue of Handel, formerly in Vauxhall gardens; Sir Isaac Newton, Trinity college chapel, Cambridge; the monuments of Sir Peter Warren, the duke of Argyle, and Lady Elizabeth Nightingale, in Westminster abbey; Bishop Hough, in Worcester cathedral; and the well known statue of Shakspeare, executed for Garrick in 1758, and now in the British Museum. Roubiliac was a sort of Denner among sculptors. What strikes most people first in seeing his works, is the unusual minuteness of their finish, and this is their great feature. They are, however, always well modelled, and have other excellent qualities; but the singular wonder excited by their finish is evidently what the sculptor aimed at. The Death, in the Nightingale monument, in Westminster abbey, is to the majority of visitors the most notable object contained there.—(Walpole, Anecdotes of Painting, &c.; Smith, Nollekens and his Times.)—R. N. W.
ROUGET DE L'ISLE or LILLE. See L'Isle, Joseph Rouget de.
ROUS or ROUSE, Francis, a zealous member of the Long parliament, was born at Halton in Cornwall in 1579, of an ancient Devonshire family of knightly rank, and was educated at Broadgate hall (now Pembroke college), Oxford, where he took his degree. Applying himself afterwards to the study of law, he was elected to serve for Truro in several parliaments in the reigns of James and Charles I. He was early associated with Mr. Pym, between whom and the author, as Rous himself tells us in the "Manuduction" to his "Treatises and Meditations" published in 1657, "were interwoven many bands of alliance, coeducation, and intimate conversation." Several of the pieces contained in that curious volume were written during the evil times of Laud's ascendancy, but remained unprinted owing to "the episcopal tyranny assuming to itself a monopoly of divinity, and withholding licensing, until the awe of the parliament prevailed upon that tyranny." One of these treatises, which are all written in the quaintest and crabbedest style of the time, is entitled "Diseases of the Times, attended by their Remedies;" another, "Oil of Scorpions: the miseries of these times turned into medicines and curing themselves." In 1640 he sat for Truro in the Long parliament, where he took a zealous and active part against the king and the bishops. In 1643 he was appointed a member of the Westminster assembly, and was made provost of Eton college in the room of the royalist Dr. Richard Stewart. This place, including a college-lease which was assigned to him, was worth £1400 a year. His learning was unequal to such a position, and he was nicknamed by the royalists "the old illiterate Jew of Eton." He executed a metrical version of the Psalms, which was ordered by the house of commons to be printed; and which, though differing materially from the version still in use among the presbyterian churches of the three kingdoms, was unquestionably the basis of that version. In the preface he professes to have avoided, on the one hand, all "poetical painting, as casting lightness upon the divine gravity of those spiritual songs;" and on the other side, "a rude and coarse handling, care being taken for a smooth currence and fit cadence." He sat in the different parliaments called by Cromwell, and was a fervent supporter of his usurpation, for which he was rewarded with a seat in his highness' privy council, and a place in the house of lords in 1657. He was also a leading member of the board of "triers," for the examination and licensing of candidates for the ministry, as well as a commissioner for the county of Cornwall, "for the ejection of scandalous and ignorant ministers." He died at Acton, 7th of January, 1659, and was buried with great pomp in the chapel of Eton college. He founded three fellowships in Pembroke college, and bequeathed other property to pious uses. His writings were numerous, and are enumerated by Wood in the Athenæ Oxonienses; but neither his written nor his spoken eloquence added much to the credit of the public cause which he espoused.—P. L.
ROUSE or ROSS, John, a historian and antiquarian, was a native of Warwick, and was educated at Balliol college, Oxford. He afterwards became a canon of Oseney, and took up his residence at Guy Cliffe in Warwickshire. He wrote "Historia Regum Angliæ," published by Hearne in 1716. He also wrote a history of the earls of Warwick, as well as a number of antiquarian works which are still in MS. Rouse died in 1491.—J. T.
ROUSSEAU, Jean Baptiste, was born at Paris in the year 1670. He was the son of a shoemaker, who gave him a good education. At an early age he began to make verses. In 1688 he accompanied as page the French ambassador to Denmark;
