assistant keeper of the advocate's library, at an annual salary of £8. But he eked out his scanty income in a variety of ways—revising and correcting for publishers, copying chartularies for the university of Glasgow, and keeping young lads as boarders, to whom he gave classical training. In this way he prepared Sibbald's Introductio, and Spottiswoode's Practiques, for the press. He published also the De Animi Tranquillitate Dialogus of Volusenus or Wilson, a learned Scotchman, who had been under the patronage of Cardinal Wolsey. By the year 1707 he had commenced business as an auctioneer, and in 1709 he published Kerr's Cantici Solomonis Paraphrasis Poetica, with notes, and the same author's Cantica, which last he dedicated in Latin verse to his friend Dr. Pitcairne. The translation of Virgil's Æneid by Gawin Douglas was next edited by him, with a very excellent and full glossary, compiled by the editor, who in modesty withheld his name. He was now fast rising into fame, and the magistrates of Dundee invited him to be rector of their grammar-school. But the Faculty of Advocates at once trebled his salary as librarian, and he declined the offer. In 1711 he assisted in bringing out the works of Drummond of Hawthornden, and aided Abercromby in preparing his Martial Achievements of the Scots nation. Dr. Pitcairne died in 1713, and Ruddiman gratefully composed his epitaph, and through him as auctioneer his patron's library was sold to Peter the Great, the czar of Russia. In 1714 were published his "Rudiments of the Latin Tongue." His grammar soon superseded the score of previous grammars—even those of Vaus, Duncan, Wedderburn, and others, and remained for more than a century the grammar taught in all Scottish seminaries. It went through fifteen editions in its author's lifetime. His next work was an edition of the Opera Omnia of George Buchanan. It came out in 1715, in two folio volumes. He added some learned dissertations—a "Tabula Regum" and a "Libellus de Metris Buchananæis." But his notes sometimes contradicted his author, as well as expounded him; and especially his partiality for Queen Mary and his depreciatory remarks on Buchanan's treatment of her, raised up hosts of enemies. A "society of the scholars of Edinburgh" was formed for the vindication of Buchanan, but it did nothing. Yet the controversy thus originated lasted during the remainder of Ruddiman's life. The Rev. George Logan assailed him in six different treatises—one main question being the hereditary right of the Scottish kings to the crown; Ruddiman's political principles being conservative, and himself also a Jacobite. Thirty-eight years after the appearance of the edition of Buchanan—which certainly was not faultless—it was attacked by James Mair of Aberdeen; and in 1754 Ruddiman replied by a tart and telling "Anti-crisis," nay at a later period, the year before his death, his "Audi alteram Partem," saw the light. In 1713 Ruddiman became a printer himself, in partnership with a younger brother, who had been regularly trained to the business. In 1718 he took an active part in forming a literary society—the first formed in Scotland. In 1725 he published his larger work—the first part of his "Grammaticæ Latinæ Institutiones," treating of etymology; the second part, treating of syntax, appeared in 1731. In 1728 he became printer to the university, and having printed the Caledonian Mercury since 1724 he became its proprietor in 1729. The property remained in his family till 1772, when it was sold by the trustees of his grandchildren. In 1730 he became principal librarian in the advocate's library, but without any increase of salary. In 1739 he published, with a learned and elaborate introduction, "Selectus Diplomatum et Numismatum Scotiæ Thesaurus," a work begun by Anderson, but completed by Ruddiman. He was also employed to translate the charter of the Royal Bank into Latin, and the charter of admiralty of the city of Edinburgh. During the occupation of Edinburgh by Prince Charles, 1745, Ruddiman retired to the country, and occupied himself with making notes on Burmann's Commentary on Lucan's Pharsalia. But from the well-known jacobitism of its proprietor the Caledonian Mercury was suspected, and Ruddiman son Thomas, to whom a half of the printing business had been for some time handed over, was imprisoned, and, contracting disease in the jail, died in 1747. Ruddiman affirmed of himself that he saw the "young Chevalier" but once, and that for a couple of minutes only. In 1751 the old man's sight began to fail him; and after holding the office of librarian to the faculty of advocates for nearly half a century, he resigned, and was succeeded by David Hume. His strength gradually failed, and he died at Edinburgh, January 19, 1757, in the eighty-third year of his age. His remains were interred in the burial ground of Greyfriars' church. It was expected even as late as 1790 that Lord Gardenstone, according to public promise, would raise a cenotaph to his memory at Laurencekirk. But in 1792 a volume of Miscellanies by Lord Gardenstone appeared at Edinburgh, in which there is an avowed attack on the character and learning of Ruddiman. In 1806, however, a tablet was erected in New Greyfriars' church, by a descendant, Dr. Ruddiman, late of India. Ruddiman was of middle stature, thin habit, and was very temperate. His industry was incessant, and he so prospered as to leave about £3000 sterling—a large sum for those days. He had a high admiration of Buchanan's literary character, and nobly vindicated the superiority of his Latin version of the Psalms to that of Johnson, edited and so highly extolled by auditor Benson. In knowledge of Latin, and in the correct and fluent use of it, Ruddiman is second only to Buchanan. He published also an edition of Livy, and of the Greek Testament (this last is omitted, however, in Chalmers' list); also Poetarum Scotorum Musæ Sacræ, &c.—(Life by George Chalmers, London, 1794.)—J. E.
RUDING, Rogers, an English antiquary and writer on coinage, was descended from an ancient family settled at Westcote, Leicestershire, and was born at Leicester, 9th of August, 1751. He was educated at Merton college, Oxford, of which he became a fellow. In 1793 he was presented with the college living of Maldon in Surrey, where he continued to reside till his death, which took place on the 16th of February, 1820. He was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and contributed papers to the Archæologia and to the Gentleman's Magazine. His fame rests, however, on his "Annals of the Coinage of Britain and its Dependencies," published in 4 vols. 4to, 1817; reprinted in 8vo in 1818; and again in 3 vols. 4to, with notes by J. Y. Akerman, in 1840. Mr. Ending was most zealous in showing the defects of the coinage, and in endeavouring to bring about an amendment.—R. H.
RUDOLF I., Emperor of Germany, was born on the 1st May, 1218. He was the son of Albert, count of Habsburg and landgrave of Alsace, who, as crusader, accompanied the Emperor Frederick II. to Palestine, and died at Ascalon in 1240. At eighteen Rudolf had fought in Italy under the Emperor Frederick II.; and an independent ruler at twenty-two, he speedily showed that he was destined to be alike illustrious in peace and in war. It is difficult to make the complications of mediæval history interesting. The one clear thing about Rudolf is, that partly by usurpation, partly by policy, partly by probity, partly by valour, he became the founder of the Austrian state. Before being a conqueror he had first to defend his own possessions. His assailants were two of his uncles. Their repeated machinations and attacks, victoriously resisted, ended with an increase of his territory. The taste for crusades was rapidly growing weaker; nevertheless, more for political reasons than from religious motives, Rudolf was the leader in a crusade, which was intended to convert by the sharp argument of the sword those inhabitants of northern Germany who were still heathens. By his marriage with Gertrude, the daughter of the count of Homburg, Rudolf's dominions and influence were considerably extended. Habsburg or Habichtsburg, the castle from which the Habsburgs took their name, and the ruins of which still remain, was in Switzerland; and in Switzerland, and on its frontiers, Rudolf, by purchase or otherwise, potently and swiftly enlarged his sway. Uri, Schwytz, and Unterwalden, seem of their own accord to have solicited a protection which hardened under the successor of Rudolf into a tyranny, the overthrow whereof forms one of the most famous episodes in history. Rudolf was besieging the city of Basle when his election as emperor of Germany was announced to him. He was crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle on the 28th October, 1273. Some conspicuous princes refused to do him homage. They were placed under the imperial ban, and war was declared against them. Rudolf first subdued Henry of Bavaria; and then a far more formidable opponent, Ottocar II., king of Bohemia, who was betrayed by his vassals. By the defeat of Ottocar the archduchy of Austria came into Rudolf's hands. Indignant and impatient at the severe terms imposed on him, Ottocar again tried the fortune of arms; but again betrayed, he perished in battle in 1278. Either from magnanimity or from prudence, however, Rudolf allowed Ottocar's son Wenzel to retain Moravia and Bohemia. He likewise gave Wenzel one of his daughters.
