the holy faith, replaced King Ferdinand on his throne of Naples, whence he had been driven by the republican party. Town after town yielded or fell before the cardinal; and at last the Neapolitan republicans capitulated on condition that they might depart to France. These terms the king on his arrival annulled, dooming many of his opponents to death, and alienating for ever from his cause the loyal cardinal; for when a second time the queen urged Ruffo to raise a military force in Calabria, he replied that such pranks were played only once in a life.—C. G. R.
RUFINUS, surnamed Torianus or Turranius, was born about the middle of the fourth century. It is impossible to tell where or when he was born; but Aquileia has been fixed upon by many, and the year 345. He entered a monastery at Aquileia, where he was instructed in the doctrines and rites of christianity. He formed a friendship with Jerome, which lasted for many years, and was apparently very intimate. Desirous of visiting the East he set out for Alexandria, where he became acquainted with a rich Roman matron, Melania, equally enthusiastic for monachism, who became his companion for the rest of his life. After continuing in Egypt six years, and attending the lectures of Didymus, he removed to Jerusalem, and resided with the monks about the Mount of Olives. As Jerome resided at Bethlehem, the friends were not far distant. Yet they only met once, in 385. Rufinus was ordained presbyter by John, bishop of Jerusalem, about 390. When the Origenist controversy began, Jerome took part against all who were suspected of favouring the heresies now detected in the writings of the Alexandrian father, and an enmity sprung up between him and Rufinus. The controversy seemed to subside in 397, when the two friends became reconciled at Jerusalem. In the same year he set out for Italy along with Melania, and went to the monastery of Pinetum. Here he published translations of the Apology for Origen by Pamphilus, and of Origen's treatise περὶ ἀρχῶν. This rekindled the dispute, and a bitter controversy between Jerome and Rufinus followed. Having retired to Aquileia, Anastasius summoned him to Rome, but he refused, and wrote an Apologia instead. The pope condemned Origen's tenets and censured his translator. Rufinus remained at Aquileia, busily employed, till he returned to Pinetum in 408. He died in Sicily in 410, whither he retired when Alaric invaded Italy. His works are numerous; but his translations from the Greek outnumber his own compositions. The principal are—"Two Apologies for Origen;" "An Exposition of the Apostles' Creed;" "Biographies of thirty-three Monks in the Nitrian Desert;" and a "Commentary on Jacob's Prophecy respecting his Sons." He translated various commentaries of Origen, and his four books De Principiis; several works of Basil the Great, Gregory Nazianzen, Evagrius, and Anatolius. The best edition of his works is Vallarsi's, folio, 1745.—S. D.
RUFUS, an ancient Greek medical writer, of whom nothing is known except that he was born or lived at Ephesus, whence he is commonly called Rufus Ephesius. His date has been disputed, but Suidas is probably correct in placing him in the reign of Trajan, a.d. 98-117, as he quotes Xeuxis and Dioscorides, and is himself quoted by Galen. Some persons have supposed him to be the physician quoted by Andromachus, but this is probably a mistake. He wrote several works on medical subjects, some of which are extant, with fragments of the others. His principal work is "On the Names of the Parts of the Human Body," and is interesting for the information it gives us on the state of anatomical science before the time of Galen. It consists of four books, which are generally reckoned as only three, as the first and second are substantially the same. Another work is "On the Diseases of the Kidneys and Bladder;" and a third is "On Purgative Medicines." These three were published in Greek and Latin by J. Clinch, London, 1726, 4to; and a Latin translation, by J. P. Crassus, is contained in the Medicæ Artis Principes, by H. Stephanus (Etienne), Paris, 1567, folio. Two other short works by Rufus have been published for the first time within the last twenty years: one is an old Latin translation of a treatise on Gout, edited by E. Littré in the Revue de Philologie, vol. i., Paris, 1845; the other is a Greek treatise on the Pulse, which is probably spurious, edited by C. Daremberg, Paris, 1846, 8vo. There are numerous fragments of his lost works preserved in different Greek and Arabic writers, perhaps the most interesting of which is a passage respecting the plague, which appears to prove beyond all doubt that the glandular (or true) plague was known to the ancients some centuries earlier than was commonly supposed. Rufus was also one of the early commentators on the writings of Hippocrates. A new edition of all the extant works of Rufus, with whatever fragments can be recovered, has been for some years in preparation by Dr. Charles Daremberg of Paris.—(For further information see the Penny Cyc., and Smith's Dict. of Gr. and Rom. Biogr.)—W. A. G.
RUGENDAS, Georg Philipp, a celebrated German horse and battle painter, was born at Augsburg in 1666. After learning his art in his native city, he visited Italy, where he spent some years in Rome, devoting himself exclusively to battle pieces. He returned to his native city in 1695, and had an opportunity of witnessing the realities of war in the siege of that place in 1703, which Rugendas represented in a large picture, long forming part of the Stettin collection at Augsburg. He became director of the Augsburg academy in 1710, and died there in 1742. The pictures of Rugendas are numerous; he was a bold but mannered painter, his figures and horses being constantly repeated, and being hot, heavy, and monotonous in colouring. There are some spirited etchings by this painter; and many of his designs were engraved in mezzotint by his son, Christian Rugendas.—(See Füssli, Leben Rugendas, &c., Zurich, 1758.)—R. N. W.
RUGGLE, George, a Cambridge scholar of the reign of James I., is remembered by a satirical play entitled "Ignoramus," which he wrote to tickle the fancy of the pedantic king, and to ridicule the profession of the law. His grudge against lawyers arose out of a town and gown dispute, carried on with great acrimony at Cambridge in 1611, as to whether the vice-chancellor of the university or the mayor of the town was entitled to precedence. To punish the activity of the recorder of Cambridge, "Ignoramus" was written. Ruggle was born at Lavenham, Suffolk, about 1575, was at St. John's college and Trinity college, Cambridge, and became a fellow of Clare hall. He died about 1622.—R. H.
RUHNEKEN or RUHNKENIUS, David, an eminent German humanist, was born at Stolpe, Pomerania, 2nd January, 1723. He received a careful education at Königsberg, where he became intimately acquainted with Kant. By his parents, especially his mother, he was intended for the church; but his love of the Greek language was so predominant, that he could not be prevailed upon to fulfil their wish. He studied at Wittenberg, where, in order to secure the advantages of a profession, he for some time devoted himself to the study of law, but with renewed ardour returned to the Greek. From Wittenberg he proceeded to Leyden, where he became the pupil and friend of Hemsterhuys, the only professor of this university to whom he was not introduced by recommendatory letters from his Wittenberg patrons. He declined all invitations of his German friends to settle as a lecturer in a German university, because he could not bear to be separated from Hemsterhuys. As, however, there was no prospect of a chair at Leyden, he went to Paris, where he strenuously searched the Royal library, and was on the point of starting for Spain, when he was called back to Leyden as assistant-lecturer to Hemsterhuys (1757). At length in 1761 he obtained the chair of eloquence, vacant by the death of Oudendorp, the duties of which he most honourably discharged till his death on the 14th May, 1797. His leisure hours were generally devoted to the chase, to which he was fondly addicted, to the pleasures of society, and to politics. In later years he mostly spent them in the sick-room of his wife, who, six years after her marriage, had by a paralytic stroke lost both her language and her sight, and yet out-lived her husband. For critical acumen, and the extent of his reading, Ruhneken had few equals, and his "Epistolæ Criticæ," his editions of Muretus, Timæus, Hesychius, and the Hymnus in Cererem, are lasting monuments of his erudition. His "Eulogy on Hemsterhuys" is a masterpiece both of biography and of Latin. His literary remains have been edited by Bergmann, Friedemann, Eichstaedt, and others.—(See Wyttenbach, Vita Ruhnkenii; and Rink, T. Hemsterhuys und D. Ruhneken, Königsberg, 1801.)—K. E.
RUINART, Thierry, born at Rheims in 1657, and at an early age admitted into the congregation of St. Maur; was selected by Mabillon in 1682 to be his assistant in his learned labours. In 1689 he published at Paris his "Acta Primorum Martyrum sincera et selecta, collecta et edita cum notis," &c., in the preface to which work Ruinart undertakes to refute the De Paucitate Martyrum of Dodwell. In 1700 he published in conjunction with Mabillon Acta Sanct. Ord. Benedicti. He died in 1709.
