in 1436. At Venice he gave lectures for a considerable time on ancient literature; and was afterwards appointed to a situation in the library of St. Mark's. He died in 1506. He is the author of a universal history entitled "Rhapsodiæ Historiarum," 2 vols., 1498-1504. This work is written in an antique style. He also wrote "Historia Veneta," 1487; and a poem called "De Rerum et Artium Inventoribus," 1509. His collected works appeared in 4 vols., Basle, 1560.—S. D.
SABELLIUS, a presbyter belonging to the third century, of whose life we know hardly anything. It is probable that he belonged to Ptolemais in the Pentapolis, and that he lived about 250. Sabellius preached a doctrine divergent from the orthodox church, and his followers were called from him Sabellians. The christians in the Pentapolis were much excited respecting his opinions, and appealed to Dionysius of Alexandria, who decided strongly against the peculiar dogma of Sabellius. The Sabellians were suppressed by the dominant church in the fourth century, but their views have always found adherents. The characteristic point of Sabellius' belief was that there is but one hypostasis or person in the Godhead. Thus the Trinity is a threefold form in which the one God reveals or manifests himself. Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are not distinct hypostases or essences, but denote creative energy, divine energy united to the human nature of Jesus, and invisible energy in human souls. It is difficult to tell exactly what Sabellius held, because the accounts of his belief which we have are from enemies and controversialists, Epiphanius, Athanasius, and others; the former of whom, at least, is an untrustworthy writer. The best account of his sentiments is that given by Schleiermacher in the Theologische Zeitschrift for 1822, translated with remarks by Stuart in the American Biblical Repository and Observer for July, 1835, p. 35, &c.—S. D.
* SABINE, Edward, one of the most distinguished travellers and cultivators of physical science of the present time, was born in 1790. At an early age he entered the corps of the royal artillery, in which he has risen to the rank of major-general. He took part in the arctic expedition of 1819 and 1820, under Ross and Parry, and made a series of magnetic observations of great value. In 1821 he accomplished a series of pendulum and magnetic observations at a series of points extending from the polar regions to the equator; and thus made a most important contribution to our knowledge of the figure of the earth, and the laws of its magnetic force. The results of these observations were printed in 1825. Since that time, with the exception of a short interval in military service, he has been continually engaged in physical observations and researches, relating chiefly to the earth's magnetism, which have led to some remarkable discoveries, such as the laws of "magnetic storms," and the fact of magnetic force being exerted by the sun and moon upon the earth. In 1827 he became secretary of the Royal Society; in 1850, its treasurer and vice-president, and in 1861 he was elected president, which office he still holds. He was one of the earliest members, and has been for a long time general secretary, of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; he was its president at the Belfast meeting in 1852. His scientific researches have all been published from time to time in the Philosophical Transactions, as well as in separate volumes of magnetic observations.—R.
SABINIANUS, Bishop of Rome in the seventh century, was elected to that office in 604. He belonged to Volterra, and had been previously sent as legate to Phocas. Being of an avaricious disposition, he was disliked by the people. He died in 605, after enjoying his dignity for eighteen months only.—S. D.
SABINUS, Aulus, a Roman poet, was the contemporary and friend of Ovid. He wrote a poem entitled "Trœzen," and another which appears to have resembled Ovid's Fasti. He also composed six poetical epistles in answer to six of the Heroides of Ovid; and three epistles under his name are printed in many editions of Ovid, viz., from Paris to Œnone, from Demophoon to Phyllis, and from Ulysses to Penelope. These, however, are now known to be spurious, having been forged by a scholar named Angelus Sabinus about the year 1467. Aulus Sabinus died, as we learn from Ovid, shortly before a.d. 15.—G.
SABINUS, Georg, a German scholar and Latin poet, whose real name was Schuler, was born at Brandenburg, 23rd April, 1508. He studied at Wittenberg, travelled in Italy, and then became professor of eloquence at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. In 1544 he was appointed first rector of the newly-founded university of Königsberg, which office, however, he resigned several years after, and was sent to Italy on some diplomatic mission by the elector, Joachim of Brandenburg. He died at Frankfort, 2nd December, 1560. He was son-in-law to Melancthon, and his Latin poems won him a high reputation.—(See Albinus, Vita Sabini, new edition, 1724; and Heffter, Erinnerung an G. S., Leipsic, 1844.)—K. E.
SABINUS, Julius, a Lingonian Gaul of noble birth, joined the revolt of Classicus against the Roman dominion, a.d. 70. The time was favourable to this daring enterprise, as the civil war between Vitellius and Vespasian was then raging. Julius Classicus and Julius Tutor, nobles of the tribe of the Treviri, joined in the conspiracy, but its main head and ruling spirit was the Batavian prince Civilis. The rebellion, however, though rife among the Germans, never obtained much success among the Gauls; and Sabinus being defeated by the neighbouring tribe of the Sequani, took refuge in flight, and was safely concealed during nine years by his friends. He was, however, finally taken and brought to Rome, where he was put to death by order of Vespasian, a.d. 79. Our knowledge of this revolt is very imperfect, being mainly drawn from the fragmentary account in the mutilated history of Tacitus.—G.
SABINUS, Massurius, a distinguished jurist, who flourished from the time of Tiberius to that of Nero, founded the school of lawyers termed from him the Sabiniani. He was the author of an elaborate treatise on the civil law, upon which Ulpian, Paulus, and Pomponius wrote commentaries. Persius speaks of him as an English writer might speak of Hale or Blackstone. His great distinction as a legist is plainly evidenced not only by the distinction awarded him in his own generation, but by the respect in which he was held among his successors.—G.
SACCHETTI, Franco, novelist, born in Florence about 1335; died towards the beginning of the fifteenth century. His early years seem to have been devoted to commerce, after which he served his native republic in various responsible offices. He became the friend of many lordly or learned men of his day, and was married three times. One of his sons, Niccolo, in his turn had a son, Franco, and more than once the literary productions of grandsire and grandson have been ascribed to the same pen. The elder Franco has left several poems, including a cantilena on the death of Petrarca, and a collection of "Novelle," originally three hundred, but now falling short of that number by nearly fifty, which, though said to be less indecent than the stories by his contemporary, Boccaccic, are not exempt from a like blemish.—C. G. R.
SACCHI, Andrea, one of the best of the later painters of Rome, was born in the neighbourhood of that city in 1598, and died there on 21st June, 1661. Having acquired the first rudiments of his art from his father, he entered the school of Albani, and became the most distinguished of the scholars of that master. He became an enthusiastic admirer of Raphael, whose style he imitated and taught. He was the most famous art-teacher of his time in Rome; Nicolas Poussin and Carlo Maratti were among his scholars. Sacchi was, however, greater in the theory of art than in its practice, though an admirable colourist. He opposed with all his power the mannered taste of the Machinists, established by Pietro da Cortona and Bernini; but his own works are scarce. He was both dilatory in his work and dissipated in his habits, idling much of his time with women. His masterpiece is the "Vision of St. Romualdo," now in the Vatican, and one of the most masterly works in Rome. The saint is relating his vision to five monks of his order, and the uniformity of their white dresses is admirably varied by the judicious manner in which the painter has managed the shadow of a tree near which the group is placed. The "Miracle of St. Gregory," another of his masterpieces, and also in the Vatican, was worked in mosaic, in 1771, for the altar of Gregory the Great in the church of St. Peter at Rome.—(Passeri, Vite del Pittori; Lanzi, Storia Pittorica, &c.)—R. N. W.
SACCHINI, Antonio Gasparo, a musician, was born at Naples in 1735, and educated under Durante, in the Conservatory di Santa Maria di Loretto at Naples. As soon as his education was completed he received an invitation to Rome, and became composer to the chief theatre of that city. He afterwards furnished operas for most of the principal cities in Italy. In 1769 he succeeded Galuppi as director of the Conservatory L'Ospedaletto at Venice, where, among other singers formed under him, was the famous Gabrielli. A tempting offer induced him to quit Venice for Stuttgardt; thence he proceeded to Holland, and reached England in 1772. His first opera here was
