SALA, Nicolo, a musician, was born at Naples in 1701. He was a pupil of Leo, and on leaving his master, being appointed master of the conservatory of La Pieta at Naples, he began an immense work, to which he consecrated a great part of his life. He made it in some sort the monumental history of harmony, by classifying and preserving the masterpieces of the Neapolitan school, according to the progress of the art. He finished it at the end of the century in which it was begun. It was printed and published at the expense of the king of Naples, under the title of "Regole del Contrapunto prattico," when it was unfortunately destroyed during the revolution at Naples in 1799, by the furious populace, who attacked the royal printing-office and destroyed the plates. Sala died at a great age in 1800, inconsolable, it is said, at his immense loss; but if his life had been prolonged for eight years his old age would have been consoled by the reproduction of his work by M. Choron, in his Principes de Composition des Ecoles d'ltalie. It is probable that Sala was so entirely occupied by this great work that he had little leisure for composition.—E. F. R.
SALADIN, more properly Salah-ed-deen, the famous sultan of Egypt and Syria, was born in 1137, at the castle of Tecrit on the Tigris, of which his father, Ayub, a Kurd, was governor. Ayub and his brother Shirakoh afterwards entered the service of Noureddin, the sultan of Aleppo, and the young Saladin accompanied his uncle in those expeditions to Egypt, which resulted in making Egypt a dependency of Noureddin's, under the vizierate of Shirakoh. Meanwhile Saladin had highly distinguished himself as a soldier, and on the death of Shirakoh he succeeded to his uncle's authority in Egypt, where the rule of the Fatimite dynasty soon ceased. He began to act independently of his suzerain Noureddin, and a war would have been the result had not Noureddin died in 1173. Noureddin's son and heir was a boy of eleven, and in the confusions of his minority Saladin succeeded in adding the sovereignty of Syria to that of Egypt, and assumed the title of sultan. His ambition was still unsatisfied while the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem survived. Its power was weakened by the quarrels of the christians as to who should be its sovereign, and an excuse for assailing it was easily found. On the 4th of July, 1187, was fought the decisive battle of Tiberias, in which Saladin was victorious, taking prisoner the flower of the christian army. To Guy de Lusignan he behaved with generosity and courtesy, but with his own hands he cut off the head of Reginald de Chatillon, whose attack, despite the provisions of a truce to the contrary, on some Mahometan pilgrims had been the ostensible cause of the war. The victory of Tiberias, and other triumphs of Saladin's arms, were followed by the capitulation of Jerusalem and its submission to the Moslem, 2nd of October, 1187. The Latin kingdom of Jerusalem was now only represented by Tyre, where Conrad de Montferrat successfully resisted Saladin. A new crusade was preached, and the christians became the assailants. The siege of Acre, defended for nearly three years against the crusaders, was brought to a close by the arrival and heroic exertions of Richard Coeur de Lion, aided by the king of France, Philip Augustus, and Saladin had to capitulate, 12th July, 1191. During the siege Saladin displayed not only a courage which won him the regard of Richard, but a chivalrous courtesy worthy of christian knighthood, sending presents of delicate fruit to the kings of England and France when they were attacked by an epidemic fever. The capture of Acre was followed by other successes of the christian arms, but these were neutralized by the dissensions of the Franks. Philip Augustus had quitted Syria very soon after the fall of Acre; Conrad de Montferrat was bidding for a separate peace; and on both sides there was a wish to come to terms. It was even proposed by Richard that Saladin's brother should become a christian, marry his sister, and be made king of Jerusalem. This project came to nothing; but in the September of 1192 a three years' truce was concluded, which left Jerusalem to Saladin, with a stipulation that the city and the holy sepulchre should be accessible to the christian pilgrims. With a constitution worn out by long warfare, Saladin died soon afterwards, on the 4th of March, 1193. "At the hour of his death," says Gibbon, "his empire was spread from the African Tripoli to the Tigris, and from the Indian ocean to the mountains of Armenia." Its greatness did not long survive its founder. Christian vies with Mahometan historian in praising the virtues of Saladin; but the most striking, perhaps the most truthful portrait of him, is to be found in a work of fiction, the Talisman of Sir Walter Scott.—F. E.
SALAI, Andrea, called also Salaino, was a favourite scholar of Leonardo da Vinci. He was born at Milan about 1475, and was with Leonardo in Rome in 1514. He acted as his master's steward as well as assistant; and, as he was distinguished for his fine person, also as his model. Salai's works are scarce, but they are painted entirely in the style of Leonardo; the Brera at Milan possesses three; there is one also in the Leuchtenberg gallery at Munich, and one at Berlin. Some others of the comparatively numerous works attributed to Leonardo da Vinci are probably by the hand of Salai.—R. N. W.
* SALAMAN, Charles, a musician, was born in London on the 3d of March, 1814. He evinced at a very early age a remarkable talent for music, and commenced his musical studies with his mother, an accomplished amateur pianist. At the age of thirteen he was placed under the able guidance of Charles Neate, the friend and correspondent of Beethoven, and was early introduced by him to the great works of the classical masters. In composition he had the advantage of Dr. Crotch's instruction. Salaman made his first appearance as a pianist in 1829, and continued for some years before the public. In 1838 he visited Munich and Vienna, and in 1840 went to Italy. He resided in Rome from 1846 to 1848, and in the carnival of the latter year introduced for the first time to the Romans a symphony of Beethoven, which he conducted. Salaman has resided in London since 1848, and notwithstanding his incessant occupation as a professor of the piano, has found time to earn an honourable reputation as a lecturer on subjects connected with the history and art of music. His compositions, both vocal and instrumental, are numerous and well-known; and as one of the founders of the Musical Society of London, and honorary secretary of that now popular institution, Salaman has in no small degree been the means of promoting its success.—E. F. R.
SALAMANCA, Antonio, Italian engraver and publisher, was born at Rome about 1500. Salamanca is not remembered on account of his talent as an artist. He belonged to the period of the decline of Italian engraving, and he did much to hasten its decline. He had numerous apprentices and assistants, and formed a sort of manufactory of prints. He obtained the plates of Raimondi and other great engravers, and supplied impressions from the plates as "restored" by his unskilful assistants; and he produced imitations of early prints. He seems to have been himself rather a publisher than an engraver; though a print from Michelangelo's Pietà. bears his signature. The year of his death is not mentioned.—J. T—e.
SALDANHA OLIVEIRA E DAUN, Joao Carlo, Duke of, a Portuguese statesman, was born 1780, and was a grandson, by the mother's side, of the celebrated Pombal. When the French invasion drove the Portuguese royal family to Brazil, Saldanha submitted to the usurping authority. He was taken prisoner by the army of Wellington, but was allowed to proceed to Brazil, where he served with distinction both in a military and in a diplomatic capacity. After the restoration of constitutional government he returned to Portugal, and became minister of foreign affairs under John VI. (1825). After the death of the king he became governor of Oporto, and repressed with great severity the Miguelite insurrections of that time. When the constitution of Don Pedro was proclaimed he became minister of war, but as he insisted on the dismissal of two secret adherents of Don Miguel, he was compelled to retire to England. When Don Miguel assumed the regency, Saldanha returned to Portugal, and placed himself at the head of the constitutional party, but failed to organize an insurrection against the government, and returned to England. In 1832 he forced the blockade of Oporto, and became the most trusted adviser of Don Pedro, and generalissimo of his army. The war closed by the decisive capitulation of Evora (1834). Saldanha became minister of war and president of the council (27th May, 1835), but failing to obtain a majority in the chambers, he took his seat with the liberal opposition. The revolution of September, 1836, overthrew the charter of Don Pedro. Saldanha made another unsuccessful attempt at insurrection, but was compelled to leave the country, and remained in exile in England and France for nearly ten years. In 1848 he was again at the head of the ministry, but failed to command the cortes, and was compelled to give place to Costa Cabral (Condé de Thomar). Another insurrection (8th April, 1851) again raised him to power, but the late King Pedro V. refusing to create a number of new peers, in order to give him a majority, he resigned (July, 1856). He was in October, 1862,
